In the Hindu religion, Dyeus is spelled "Dyaus". He was the primordial sky father, and creator god. He created "the rest of the Vedic pantheon," along with his wife Prthivi. Later on, he was replaced by the god Indra (Jordan, 2004 [2014 edition], pp. 83-84, and 359) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Zeus, para. 1). Smith (1884) said that D'yaus, Vul/Yav, Il/El, Yao/Iao, and Jahveh, were all related and he became the single god of the Hebrews (p. 148). Another example is the sky god Anu. He was "a personification of the sky," and is equated to Dyaus, Jupiter, and Zeus (Frazer, 1926, pp. 66-67). In fact, Anu's name meant "heaven" (Krul, 2018, p. 10), just like Dyeus' does. Anu was the Hindu sky god Varuna (Bhattacharji, 1970 [2016 edition], p. 24) (Lyle, 2012, p. 106 figure 9-1), and Varuna was the sky god Ouranos (Uranus) (Griswold, 1910, p. 31). Leeming (2005) said that Dyeus Pater was "The proto-Indo-European equivalent to Zeus," whose name means "Father sky." Dyeus was an equivalent to Ouranus, Varuna, and Ahura Mazda, who were all "personifications of the sky." The name Zeus also means "sky" (p. 128). The shining god is the heavenly/sky god.
The shining god is the sun. In the Papyrus from Derveni, Ouranos is equated to the sun (Rusten, 1985 [in Bailey, 1985, Vol. 89], p. 136). Anu is associated with the "sun's ecliptic," which is "'the way of Anu'," (Farbridge, 1923, p. 200). The sun's ecliptic is tracking the sun as it goes around the celestial sphere (Durham University, Department of Physics, User's Guide to the Night Sky, The Ecliptic: The Sun's Annual Path on the celestial Sphere, para. 1). Other names for Ana (Anu) are Oan/Oannes, Yan, and Hades/Pluto/Plutus/Dis (Rawlinson, 1885, pp. 74-75) (Ridpaph, 1890, p. 133). I thought that the name Oan for Anu equated him to Oannes, but Oannes/Uanna was actually a name for an Apkallu and not Anu (Toorn et al., 1999, p. 73) (Kilmer, 1985; in Conrad and Newig, 1985, p. 40). In actuality, the name Oan, also spelled On (Inman, 1868, pp. 243-244) (Dunlap, 1856, p. 22), is a name of the sun. The names "Ar and On give Ur-an-os, or Our-an-os ('Heaven,' or Saturn, which is Seth-uran-us, the El-Shaddi, Sadi, Set, or Seth of Genesis, Seth-os, a king of Egypt); Sal-ernum (now Sal-er-no) is Sol-uranus." Adding the name "Ak" to "Ur-an-os, gives 'Ekron, whose god was Baal-zebub,' K-ron-os, 'the beaming sun,' a name of Saturn (Ak-Ar-On)," (Dunlap, 1856, p. 22).
It seems that the shining god had a trinity. Also stated in the Papyrus from Derveni, Ouranos (Uranus), Kronos (Cronus), and Zeus, were equated as being the same deity (Rusten, 1985; in Bailey, 1985, Vol. 89, p. 135). Mushet (1837) said that "Ouranus Cronus, and Zeus, were the same person." The goddesses that they married were also the same person too (pp. 62-63). Lemming (2005) said that the goddess was represented in "three aspects" or "three beings." This was the "maiden, mother, and crone." These were "the phases of nature-of the moon, of agriculture. She was birth, life, and death." An example of this is Hebe "the virgin cupbearer," Hera (mother), and Hecate "the crone of the moon and the underworld." The "European supreme sky gods often were triadic within themselves or closely associated with two other gods." The three gods served as one of three unique role: "sovereign-priest, warrior, and cultivator-fecundator." Leeming gives a couple of examples, but what stands out to me are two: "Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus," and "Odin, Thor, and Freyr or Tyr" (p. 128):
.png)
Zeus had another trinity that is related to the sun. Professor Muller said that Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades, represented the sun and were originally the same deity under the name Dyaus and Zeus (Brown, 1898, pp. 119-120). Poseidon/Neptune represents "The Sun, rising out of the ocean and again sinking into it" (Rhyn, 1895, p. 7). He was also "the sun rising out of the sea," (The Christian Remembrancer, Volume 56, p. 169, Article 8). Pluto (Hades) represents "the invisible Sun that through the night tarries in the underworld" (Rhyn, 1895, p. 7). Plato said that Uranus/Coelus, Cronus, and Zeus, were a trinity. Others have stated that Zeus, Neptune, and Pluto, made a trinity and they were all the "son of Saturn," (Cudworth, 1875, Vol. 2 p. 212). The sky god had a trinity.
In summation, the shining god was the sky/heavenly god/father, and was represented by the sun. The shining god had a trinity. The trinity represented the "sovereign-priest, warrior, and cultivator-fecundator," as well as the cycle of the sun.
Higgins (1878) (Vol. 1 Book 1 Ch. 2 p. 10):
https://books.google.com/books/about/Anacalypsis_an_Attempt_to_Draw_Aside_the.html?id=udYHAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=US&ovdme=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
-V2:
https://books.google.com/books/about/Anacalypsis.html?id=k845DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=US&ovdme=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
Tucker (1890) (P. 32):
https://books.google.com/books?id=OJVMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=dyeus+pater&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwimuMmzrJuGAxXOMlkFHZxLDrMQ6AF6BAgKEAI#v=onepage&q=dyeus%20pater&f=falseBriggs (2003) (Chapter D):
https://books.google.com/books?id=wG_XP083ogcC&pg=PT102&dq=dyeus+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiozfSZ28yDAxW2EFkFHe-dCz4Q6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=dyeus%20god&f=false
Jordan (2004 [2014 edition]) (PP. 83-84, and 359):
https://books.google.com/books?id=aqDC5bwx4_wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=yahweh+aztec+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiA8paF7qGCAxVqFlkFHU2uCsgQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=snippet&q=dyaus&f=false
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Zeus:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zeus
Smith (1884) (P. 148):
https://books.google.com/books?id=us3Y7a9AhOYC&pg=PA155-IA3&dq=el+elu+deity&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9q66_0J-CAxVSFlkFHaBfAesQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=el%20elu%20deity&f=false
Frazer (1926) (PP. 66-67):
https://books.google.com/books?id=cn0IAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA66&dq=Start+of+Anu+worship&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjh_snb-4WFAxWrEFkFHRdjD28Q6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=Start%20of%20Anu%20worship&f=false
Krul (2018):
https://www.academia.edu/36775866
Bhattacharji (1970 [2016 edition], p. 24):
Griswold (1910) (P. 31):
https://books.google.com/books?id=o_AcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA31&dq=ouranos+rain+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj10JmFxLCDAxVoLFkFHbRHA60Q6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=ouranos%20rain%20god&f=false
Leeming (2005) (P. 128):
https://books.google.com/books?id=iPrhBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128&dq=dyeus+varuna+replaced&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiX2Mb79s-DAxUCEVkFHYJJCbwQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=dyeus%20varuna%20replaced&f=false
Rusten (1985; in Bailey, 1985) (Vol. 89 pp. 130, 135-136):
https://books.google.com/books?id=qbSNBPVIJ8EC&pg=PA135&dq=Zeus+ouranos&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja7PfpgeCCAxUlEGIAHU7ZD004ChDoAXoECAkQAw#v=onepage&q=Zeus%20ouranos&f=false
Farbridge (1923) (P. 200):
Durham University. Department of Physics. User's Guide to the Night Sky. The Ecliptic: The Sun's Annual Path on the celestial Sphere:
https://astro.dur.ac.uk/~ams/users/solar_year.html
Mushet (1837) (PP. 62-63):
https://books.google.com/books?id=TENKAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+trinities+of+the+ancients+robert&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjk8ZqO8Z2FAxUHD1kFHXMrB1wQ6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=zeus&f=false
Brown (1898) (PP. 119-120):
https://books.google.com/books?id=sBnXAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=semitic+influence+on+hellenic+mythology&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4-uGB2MWEAxXcGVkFHXANCiEQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=Kronos%20sun%20god&f=false
Rhyn (1895) (P. 7):
https://books.google.com/books?id=ktoDA4ttNfgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mysteria+history+of+the+secret+doctrines+and+mystic+rites&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiZ-tGps9aEAxUqFmIAHbioBm0Q6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=poseidon%20sun&f=false
The Christian Remembrancer. Volume 56. Article 8:
https://books.google.com/books?id=lr0RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA169&dq=Poseidon+sun+rising+out+of+the+ocean&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiMicmwndeEAxVfF1kFHayGAkcQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Poseidon%20sun%20rising%20out%20of%20the%20ocean&f=false
Rawlinson (1885) (PP. 74-75):
https://books.google.com/books?id=hqF_Czzvv8YC&pg=PA76&dq=Enu+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwip2LSC8oCFAxU_MlkFHZPNDWQQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Enu%20god&f=false
Ridpaph (1890) (P. 133):
https://books.google.com/books?id=YeaeAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA133&dq=Start+of+Anu+worship&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiysILi94WFAxU2FFkFHR6pBBsQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Start%20of%20Anu%20worship&f=false
Inman (1868) (PP. 243-244):
https://books.google.com/books?id=on5KAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA244&dq=Uanna+Anu+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieuPu0s5aFAxXsEGIAHRfbBv8Q6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=Uanna%20Anu%20god&f=false
Dunlap (1856) (P. 22):
https://books.google.com/books?id=0m06AQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+origin+of+ancient+names+of+countries+dunlap&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjm78e0nJeFAxWbFFkFHbmDD9YQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=compounds%20of%20as%2C%20ar&f=false
Toorn et al., (1999) (P. 73):
https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible+(2nd+ed.)&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj36PPTp5aFAxVOFVkFHc_NApQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Oannes&f=false
Kilmer (1985; in Conrad and Newig, 1985):
https://books.google.com/books?id=URe3ugEQB00C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
Cudworth (1845) (Vol. 2 p. 212):
https://books.google.com/books?id=zgc-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA212&dq=Deus+Latius+Saturn&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMsfmdj72GAxUmN2IAHS-0AM8Q6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=Deus%20Latius%20Saturn&f=false
1.2. The Shining God and the Planet Saturn:
Saturn (NASA, Saturn: Facts):
The shining god was also associated with the planets. Originally, the shining god was equated to Saturn. Talbott (1980) said that Saturn was the "primordial-god-figure," "the great father" who "first organized the heavens and founded the antediluvian kingdom of peace and plenty, the 'Golden Age'." Saturn "was the father of both gods and men," (p. 10). Saturn was also "the primeval sun upon the column of the Cosmos." this column, or "'the pillar',' was "the cosmic mountain" and Saturn is "the god of the cosmic mountain," (p. 155). Regarding Anu, all of the Sumerian gods were actually An-Anu (p. 13), and they were Saturn. This includes Anu, Enlil, Ea, Ninurta, Tammuz, Shamash, and others (pp. 13, 28, and 155). Jensen (1890) said that Anu was Saturn/Kronos, and the god Ninib (pp. 136-138 [German]). Saturn was also the sun god (Talbott, 1980, p. 155). In total, the shining god was the sun and Saturn.
Saturn is represented by the six-pointed star, also called the hexagram. It is "formed by uniting the Water Triangle with the Fire Triangle, which is called the Six-pointed Star, Star of David, Solomon's Seal,
etc." The hexagram is also called the "'talisman of Saturn'," (Burns, 1998, p. 40). This is the same star that the Israelites are using. The star also represents the gods Moloch, Chiun, "Baal-Saturn-Siva (Shiva)," and Kivan. All of these gods are identical. In fact, "one of the names of Saturn is Israel," (Blavatsky, 1910, p. 236).
Hexagram (Burns, 1998, p. 40):
Flag of Israel (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Israel):
Bade (2023) said that the hexagram is the "Seal of Solomon," and is "symbolic of Saturn." It also "represents '666'." On the "Talisman of Saturn," the pentagram is on the obverse side while the hexagram is on the reverse side. The hexagram is also on the planet Saturn itself (Vol. 3 pp. 443-444).
Talisman of Saturn (top), the hexagram (middle), and Saturn (bottom) (Bade, 2023, Vol. 3 p. 443):
P. 444:
The "Pythagorean pentacle" is also a hexagram. Above it, the name "Adonai," one of the names of the god of the Bible (
Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 136. Adonay, Strong's Exhaustive Concordance) appears (Blavatsky, 1910, pp. 451-452).
The Pythagorean pentacle with "Adonai" above it (Blavatsky, 1910, p. 452):
Adonay (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 136. Adonay, Strong's Exhaustive Concordance):
The pentagram is interesting. The planet Jupiter is represented by "a blazing pentagram in the beak of an eagle," (Curtiss and Curtiss, 1917, p. 222) (Levi, 2017, p. 87). The pentagram also represents the planet Venus, Mercury, Mars, as well as Jupiter and Saturn (Farrel, 2013, p. 128) (Hodapp, 2006, p. 166). According to Weor (2012), "The Pentagram is the sign of the Word made flesh, and according to the direction of its rays, it can represent God or the Devil, the Immolated Lamb or the male goat of Mendes." When the Pentagram is "aiming up towards the sky, it represents Christ." When the pentagram is "aiming downwards, it represents Satan." Finally, the pentagram represents the "fallen Angel" when "aiming down," (Ch. 30 [p. 2]):This means that Jesus and Satan are the same individual. They're two sides of the same coin.
Finally, Talbott (1980) said that the sun was never a god. The sun was Saturn (p. 286). He also stated that the planet Saturn was called "the planet 'of Sol, others say of Saturn'," by Hyginus. Sol is the Latin name of the sun, while the Greek name is Helios. Talbott said that the "'star of Helios' or 'star of Sol' was applied to Saturn," (p. 33).
In summation, Saturn represented the primordial/creator god/father. It is represented by both the hexagram and pentagram, which can be seen on the Talisman of Saturn. The hexagram is also the symbol of Israel. The pentagram also represented Jupiter, Venus, Mercury, and Mars, The Word, Christ, Satan, and the Devil. Christ is represented by the upward-facing pentagram. The Devil is represented by the downward-facing pentagram. Thus, Christ and the Devil are the same individual. The sun also seems to have been Saturn in religion, and represents the god of the cosmic mountain. I will use both the sun, and Saturn, in my research for now on.
Links:NASA. Saturn: Facts:
https://science.nasa.gov/saturn/facts/
-Pic:
https://images.app.goo.gl/Rfg8heko4g8UkUcBA
Weor (2012) (Ch. 30):
https://books.google.com/books?id=jHWGyAMa5vYC&pg=PT266&dq=Jupiter+pentagram&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiWz8e3krKGAxURFFkFHWosAIU4ChDoAXoECAgQAw#v=onepage&q=Jupiter%20pentagram&f=false
Link:
https://www.britannica.com/place/Israel
-Pic:
https://images.app.goo.gl/9evYXYxGxJeqAEn9A
Hodapp (2006) (P. 166):
https://books.google.com/books?id=HhJ7DkMkeqQC&pg=PA166&dq=five-pointed+star+represents+Jupiter&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiasNz52JWHAxX2EVkFHZB5CroQ6AF6BAgMEAI#v=onepage&q=five-pointed%20star%20represents%20Jupiter&f=false
Part 2: Demon:
I'm pretty sure that everybody, religious or not, knows what a demon is. The word "demon," also spelled as "daemon" and "daimon," seems to have originated in Greek (Encyclopaedia Britannica. Demon). The word "is derived from the Greek word daimon, which means 'supernatural being' or 'spirit'." The name was reserved for "a spiritual being that influenced a person's character," and later became denoted for a malevolent entity (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Angel and demon, Nature and significance: Demons, para. 1). A demon was "a supernatural power." Homer used the word "almost interchangeably with theos for a god." Theos represents "the personality of the god, and demon his activity," (Encyclopaedia Britannica. Demon). In Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, angels are benevolent entities while the malevolent entities are called demons (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Angel and demon, para. 2). According to the "New Testament Scholar Dale Basil Martin," the word daimon was used by the Greeks "to refer to gods, especially minor gods or intermediate supernatural beings, as well as the souls of the dead." They could also "be a supernatural entity that causes diseases, or the disease itself." They could also "possess humans, causing madness." Interestingly, "philosophers generally saw daimons as exclusively good." However, they were also seen "as capricious creatures who needed sacrifices to mollify them," (Gershon, 2021, para. 2). This is supposedly a positive thing, but I have my doubts. The "Assyrian Christian theologian Tatian fully identified demons as the 'arch-rebel' Satan and the fellow angels who followed him into banishment." This happened in the "second half of the second century CE (A.D.)," (para. 17).
It should be noted that demons were angels! Growing up Catholic, that never seemed to hit me until now. Homer also used the word to emphasize a deity's "activity." As we will see below, the activity of the shining god fits perfectly with our modern interpretation of the word demon. Hence, I call it the demon deity.
Links:
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Demon:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/demon-Greek-religion#:~:text=demon%2C%20in%20Greek%20religion%2C%20a,with%20theos%20for%20a%20god.
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Angel and demon:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/angel-religion
Gershon (2021):
https://daily.jstor.org/where-demons-come-from/
Part 3: Cronus-Saturn:
Chronos by Ignaz Gunther (1765-1770) from the Bayerisches National Museum:
.png)
As we have seen, the shining god is equated with the sun, and the planet Saturn. Saturn is also the name of a god, who is also called Cronus (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Cronus, para. 1). The best representation of Cronus-Saturn is in the Greek religion. In the Greek religion, Cronus, also called Saturn in the Roman religion, is the son of Uranus and Gaea. At the behest of his mother Gaea, Cronus castrated Uranus and took his position as king. The weapon Cronus used to do this is the scythe, or harpe. This was to symbolize "separating heaven from earth" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Cronus) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Uranus, para. 2). However, as stated above, Uranus is Saturn as well. Anu, another name for Uranus, betrayed the god Alalu (the first god and "a god of the earth") to take over the throne (Bachvarova, 2013 [in Chavalas, 2013], p. 274) (Livinstone, 2002, p. 89) (The Melammu Project, Kumarbi myth and Hesiod (1)). In the Kumarbi myth, Anu is castrated by Kumarbi (The Melammu Project, Kumarbi myth and Hesiod (1)) (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2020 edition], p. 58). In the Phoenician religion, Ouranus ("heaven") is the son of Elion and Beruth. He was later castrated by his son Elus-Ilus-Cronus (Sanchoniatho, Phoenician History [Rev. Cumberland, 1720, translation], pp. 28-29, and 34). In the Greek religion, Cronus is later defeated by his son Zeus (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Cronus, para. 2). Uranus-Cronus-Zeus are the same deity, as mentioned previously. Saturn's name means "time," (Franklin, 1788; in Franklin, 1788, Vol. 7 p. 228) (Walshe, 1878; in Watts and Foote, 1878, Vol. 1-2 p. 59).
Interestingly, Plato gave an opposing account for the origin of Saturn. According to him, Saturn wasn't the son of Heaven (Uranus) and Earth (Gaia). Saturn, and his wife Cybele, were born "'from the waters of the great deep.'" The deep was also called "Ocean/Oceanus and Thetis," (Franklin, 1784; in Franklin, 1788, Vol. 7 p. 228) (Walshe, 1878; in Watts and Foote, 1878, Vol. 1-2 p. 58), which personified "the Ocean and Rivers," (Walshe, 1878; in Watts and Foote, 1878, Vol. 1-2 p. 58). So, Saturn is either the son of Uranus or he was born out of the ocean. Franklin (1784) also said that Saturn was the oldest god (in Franklin, 1788, Vol. 7 p. 228), which matches him being the supreme god. Uranus, who is Saturn's father, is also Saturn. Therefore, it would make sense that Saturn is the oldest god.
Saturn also foretold that so much rain would fall that a "vessel," or an "ark," would be needed to survive the rainfall. The boat would be needed to save "men, beasts, birds, and reptiles," (Franklin, 1788; in Franklin, 1788, Vol. 7 p. 228) (Walshe, 1878; in Watts and Foote, 1878, Vol. 1-2 p. 58-59).
Cronus was also the god Zeus. He was called Zeus Laphystios, and Baal (Brown, 1898, pp. 118, 146-147) (Brown, 1902, p. 127). It is said that human sacrifices were offered to Zeus Laphystios (Stoll, 1852, pp. 22-23) (Brown, 1899, p. 197). Zeus Laphystios also seems to have been associated with the ram, which was a solar symbol (Brown, 1899, pp. 197-198). Both Saturn and Jupiter were called Deus. Saturn was called Deus Latius or Latens ("'hiding god'"), while Jupiter was Deus Latiaris. Both gods were the "God of Latium," (Robertson, 1900, p. 246) (Cudworth, 1845, Vol. 2 p. 212). St. Austin, also called St. Austin of Canterbury, said "that according to this Varronian notion of Saturn likewise, the Pagan Jupiter and Saturn were really but one and the same Numen," (Cudworth, 1845, Vol. 2 p. 213) (St. Austin Catholic Church and School, Who is St. Austin? And Why is Our Parish Named in His Honor?, para. 2).
In the Jewish and Christian religions, Cronus-Saturn is the Archangel Cassiel, who is associated with the planet Saturn (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Cassiel-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences). Archangel Cassiel's astrological signs are Capricorn, and Aquarious (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Cassiel-Angelic and Planetary Symbols). Capricorn is an astrological sign that is represented by a half goat, and half fish, symbol. "One explanation of the fishtail with which the goat is often represented is found in the Greek myth of Pan," who turned into the creature in order "to avoid the monster Typhon," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Capricorn, para. 1). According to Woolfolk (2011), the goat is the symbol of Capricorn (p. 28), but "The older symbol" was "the mythical Sea-Goat," (p. 79).
Links:
Chronos by Ignaz Gunther (1765-1770) from the Bayerisches National Museum:
https://www.bayerisches-nationalmuseum.de/en/collection/highlights/00057847
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Cronus:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cronus
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Uranus:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Uranus-mythology
Bachvarova (2013) (in Chavalas, 2013) (P. 274):
https://books.google.com/books?id=BY9mAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA274&dq=Alulu+Anu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjt9O6F1OSCAxV0EmIAHYSHCb0Q6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=Alulu%20Anu&f=false
Livingstone (2002) (P. 89):
https://books.google.com/books?id=1nhO28Gm0sAC&pg=PA89&dq=anu+ouranos&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjk-deSkP39AhWXEVkFHQZzBwAQ6AF6BAgEEAM#v=onepage&q=anu%20ouranos&f=false
The Melammu Project. Kumarbi myth and Hesiod (1):
http://www.melammu-project.eu/database/gen_html/a0001230.html
Sanchoniatho. Phoenician History (Rev. Cumberland, 1720, translation):
https://books.google.com/books?id=g94TAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
-V2:
https://archive.org/details/SanchoniathosPhonicianHistory/page/n47/mode/1up
Coulter and Turner (2000 [2013 edition]) (PP. 13 and 168):
https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&pg=PA95&dq=marduk+bel&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDisSt3oP7AhXaM1kFHZY6CakQ6AF6BAgEEAM#v=snippet&q=Adad&f=false
-2020 edition (P. 168):
https://books.google.com/books?id=62hnEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gb_mobile_entity&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&hl=en&gl=US&focus=searchwithinvolume#v=onepage&q&f=false
-2021 edition (P. 348):
https://books.google.com/books?id=QEJUEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Deities%0D%0ABy+Charles+Russell+Coulter,+Patricia+Turner+ningirsu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiwuaSqnKeGAxU3yxQJHQS_CgEQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Encyclopedia%20of%20Ancient%20Deities%20%20By%20Charles%20Russell%20Coulter%2C%20Patricia%20Turner%20ningirsu&f=false
Archangels and Angels. Archangel Cassiel-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences:
Archangels and Angels. Archangel Cassiel-Angelic and Planetary Symbols:
http://www.archangels-and-angels.com/aa_pages/correspondences/angelic_symbols/symbolsl_cassiel.html
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Capricorn:
https://www.britannica.com/place/Capricorn
Woolfolk (2011) (PP. 28 and 79):
https://books.google.com/books?id=731H-g3sYe8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=capricorn+astrological+sign+goat&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQyoWthuOGAxXOm4kEHcVnBCwQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=capricorn%20astrological%20sign%20goat&f=false
Brown (1898):
https://books.google.com/books?id=sBnXAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=semitic+influence+on+hellenic+mythology&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4-uGB2MWEAxXcGVkFHXANCiEQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=Kronos%20sun%20god&f=false
Brown (1899) (PP. 197-198):
https://books.google.com/books?id=WW5AAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA197&dq=zeus+laphystios+kronos&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRx7Ol68WEAxWHD1kFHVCZAgQ4ChDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q=zeus%20laphystios%20kronos&f=false
Brown (1902) (P. 127):
https://books.google.com/books?id=DlcMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA127&dq=zeus+laphystios+kronos&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjN5of16cWEAxUMLFkFHWXuDgAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=zeus%20laphystios%20kronos&f=false
Stoll (1852) (PP. 22-23):
https://books.google.com/books?id=XZt5TCM2rbAC&pg=PA22&dq=zeus+laphystios+kronos&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitleX_68WEAxVdEFkFHQt0DT04ChDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q=zeus%20laphystios%20kronos&f=false
Robertson (1900) (P. 246):
https://books.google.com/books?id=dPqDy6FFO68C&pg=PA246&dq=Deus+Latius+Saturn&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMsfmdj72GAxUmN2IAHS-0AM8Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=Deus%20Latius%20Saturn&f=false
Cudworth (1845) (Vol. 2 pp. 212-213):
https://books.google.com/books?id=zgc-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA212&dq=Deus+Latius+Saturn&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMsfmdj72GAxUmN2IAHS-0AM8Q6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=Deus%20Latius%20Saturn&f=false
St. Austin Catholic Church and School. Who is St. Austin? And Why is Our Parish Named in His Honor?:
https://staustin.org/news/fv
Franklin (1784; in Franklin, 1788, Vol. 7):
https://books.google.com/books?id=AyhFAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Asiatic+researches+Vol.+1&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7o4bL1a2CAxV2L1kFHcRHAiEQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=Saturn&f=false
-V2:
https://books.google.com/books?id=dbaoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA250&dq=jupiter+marinus&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ4-D2hauHAxXFFVkFHY_WDCoQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=jupiter%20marinus&f=false
Walshe (1878; in Watts and Foote, 1878) (Vol. 1-2 p. 58):
https://books.google.com/books?id=DbxCAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA59&dq=Abraham+and+Saturn+may+be+considered+as+identical&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjx_arEy66HAxU5EFkFHbRsDioQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Abraham%20and%20Saturn%20may%20be%20considered%20as%20identical&f=false
3.1. Eya: Saturn in the Middle East:
Ea on the Adda Seal (The British Museum, cylinder seal [The Adda Seal]):
The full seal:
Ea is the second male deity from the right with the eagle/Zu bird on his right arm, the bull in between his legs, and the streams of water with fish coming out of his body (The British Museum, cylinder seal [The Adda Seal], Description).
Now, we'll investigate the god of each religion that best matches Saturn. We'll start off with the Middle East, and this is where we'll meet the god of the Bible and Quran.
Our journey begins with Ea. Ea, also called Enki (which means "lord of the earth"), is the "lord of the earth," and the "god of water" or "fresh waters beneath the earth" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ea). Ea was also spelled "Hea" (Smith, 1876, pp. 52-53), and Eau-l'Eau (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1 p. 188 note 2) (Espak, 2006, 2.2.1 [p. 1], note 136 [translated from French]). Enki is his Sumerian name (Kramer and Maier, 1989 [2020 edition], p. 10) (Espak, 2006, 2.1) (Darshan, 2023, p. 104), and Ea is his Semitic or Semitic Akkadian name (Kramer and Maier, 1989 [2020 edition], pp. 4 and 10) (Espak, 2006, 2.2, 2.2.3 [p. 2], and 2.3 [pp. 2-3]) (Darshan, 2023, p. 104). On the An=Anum list, a list of Sumerian deities, Enki and Ea are equated to Ea (Litke, 1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3 pp. 83 and 87). I'm going to call the god Ea for now on.
Kramer (1963) said that Enki was "the Sumerian Poseidon" (p. 197). According to Smith (1876), Hea is Cronus-Saturn and Poseidon. Hea is the "god of the lower region," and "is lord of the sea or abyss" (p. 57). Hea was also equated to the planet Saturn, "or 'Nin'" (Smith, 1884, p. 216). This Nin seems to be Ninib, who was also called Ninurta-Cronus (Long, 1987 [2015 edition], p. 151 note 43) (Cumont, 1912, p. 46) (Litke, 1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3 pp. xi, 1, and 21). If Ea was Cronus, then he and Ninurta-Ninib were the same deity. In Tablet 1 of the Enuma Elish, Ea kills the "progenitor" father god Apsu, and lives inside him (Apsu is the "deified underground waters") (Horowitz, 1998, pp. 109-111). This coincides with Ea-Enki being the "Lord of Apsu-Abzu" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ea, para. 2). In the Greek religion, Cronus castrated his father Uranus. This was to symbolize "separating heaven from earth" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Cronus, para. 2). Ea was also the creator of mankind (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ea, para. 2). He combined "the heart of the clay that is over the abyss" with a "creature." The goddesses Nammu ("the primeval sea" and mother of Ea), and Ninmah, help Enki to make the humans as well (Kramer, 1944 [1961 edition], Ch. 2 pp. 69-70).
There is a cylinder seal in the British Museum that showcases Sumerian gods. Called the Adda Seal, it presents Ea with an eagle or Zu bird on his right arm and a "couchant bull" in between his legs (The British Museum, cylinder seal [The Adda Seal], Description). Houghton (1884) has stated that the eagle, and even other birds, have been equated to being the Zu bird (p. 120). Jordan (2004 [2014 edition]) said that Enki "may also hold the eagle-like Imdugud (thunder) bird, thus signifying clouds rising from the waters." Espak (2006) said that the bird on the Adda Seal is the Anzu bird, or an eagle (4.4. Representations of Ea/Enki in Old-Akkadian Glyptic Art, Figure 5). With this in mind, I'm going to equate the bird on Ea's arm in the Adda Seal to the eagle. Interestingly, Jordan (2004 [2014 edition]) said that Enki stands on an ibex (pp. 89-90). This might be the bull referenced on the Adda Seal. Kramer and Maier (1989 [2020 edition]) said that an ibex is in between Enki's legs on the Adda Seal (p. 122). Bois (2010) said that Enki was symbolized by the bull (p. 363). Abraham (2009) said that Enki was called the "'Great Bull,'" and "the Lord of the Earth" (p. 23):
There is the possibility that the bull, or ibex, was actually a goat. The goat-fish is a symbol of Ea. In fact, "So close to Enki is the goat-fish, it comes to represent Enki himself," (Kramer and Maier, 1989 [2020 edition], p. 123). In a relief called "'The Enthroned Enki'," the goat-fish is under Ea's feat. The goat-fish has one forelimb standing up and the other down, and its horns are short (Kramer and Maier, 1989 [2020 edition], p. 123 Figure 3):
On the "Babylonian boundary stone of the Kassite Dynasty of the Second Millennium BC," a "goat-fish (ibex) symbol and ram symbolize Enki," (Boulary, 1999, p. 66; Figure 20):
I do not believe that the animal on the Adda Seal is an ibex because the ibex has very long, and wavy, horns (
San Diego Zoo, Animals, Nubian Ibex). This is similar to the depiction on the Babylonian boundary stone. Therefore, I'm going with a goat being in between Ea's legs on the Adda Seal. This, along with the ram, makes Ea the Saturn of the Middle Eastern pantheon. Kramer and Maier (1989 [2020 edition]) said that "Virtually all the characteristics of Enki find their way into the complex that was Cronus/Saturn," (p. 172).
According to Margoliouth (1868), Ea is usually in a triad, or trinity, made up of Anu, Enlil, and himself. However, Ea's religion is way older. Margoliouth quotes Professor Maspero in saying that Ea was "'the most active and energetic member of the triad.'" In fact, "'Anu and Bel (Enlil), together with all the living creatures,' had sprung from Ea," (in
The Contemporary Review, Vol. 74, pp. 584-585). Margoliouth said that Ea would've been the top god instead of Anu if it wasn't for the "political motives and 'local vanity' (that) had not proved too strong for the theologians of the day," (p. 585).
Ea religion started in Eridu, which was "the cradle of civilization," according to Margoliouth (Margoliouth, 1868; in The Contemporary Review, Vol. 74, p. 587). The latest date that I have found for Eridu goes back to about 5,800 B.C., based on an excavation of some buildings (Liverani, 2013, pp. 51-52):
Another building, a shrine, excavated at Eridu goes back to 5,200 B.C. (Tobolczyk, 2020, p. 128 Figure 266):
.png)
Enlil's city, Nippur (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Nippur, para. 1), goes back to about 5,000 B.C. (Gibson, 1993). Uruk/Erech, Anu's city, probably goes back to "before 5,000 B.C." (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Erech), or "at the end of the 5th millennium B.C." (van Ess, 2013; in Crusemann et al., 2013 [2019 edition], p. 21). This would be "before 4,000 B.C." (Potts, 2013; in Crusemann et al., 2013 [2019 edition], p. 2). I would say that Uruk/Erech appeared around 5,000-4,000 B.C. This would make Eridu the oldest city out of the three, meaning that Ea was the oldest god out of the Sumerian trinity. Eridu was also the first city on the Sumerian King List (Livius, The Sumerian King List). Nippur would probably be the second oldest city, since we have a more approximate date for when it appeared. This would make Enlil the second oldest deity in the Sumerian trinity. Anu would be the youngest deity in the triad, and Uruk/Erech is the youngest city out of the three.
The archaeological findings at Eridu paint an eerily similar picture to Eden and Genesis. Margoliouth (1868) stated that the Garden of Eden itself "has been identified with the holy grove" of Eridu, and Eridu was "the original seaport of Chaldea." The "guardian spirits which Assyrian art represented as kneeling or standing on either side of the sacred palm-tree in the same garden of Eridu" are "the cherubim with flaming sword" in Eden. The "formation of Eve out of a rib taken from Adam" seems to "parallel" the "self-reduplication of the primitive gods" to create goddesses (p. 581). Ea is the one who saves Sit-Naphishti, who is Noah, during the flood (p. 590). Despite Ea being a third wheel in his triad, he retained a dominant role in the Sin/Nannar religion. This is because the moon god Sin/Nannar was Ea! Sin was the god of "Uru (Ur of the Chaldees in Chaldea)," and he was called "Nannar (the Glorious)" in "Haran in Northern Mesopotamia." (pp. 582-584). Sin is also the most "human-looking" god in "Babylonain and Assyrian art," which may harken back to the "man was created in God's own image and likeness" in Genesis (p. 591). Sin's worshippers called his the supreme god, which was an "ancient faith." One hymn called Sin/Nannar the "lord of the hosts of heaven," "Master of the earth... father, begotten of gods and men," among other things (p. 583).
Other actions of Ea in human affairs are akin to the actions of the god of the
Bible. Kramer and Maier (1989 [2020 edition]) stated that Enki wasn't always benevolent to humans. He was "depriving humankind of the me of life; by his terrifying humans with his awesome, venomous word; by his putting an end to universal human speech and thus afflicting humankind with the babel of tongues-all because he was jealous of his older brother Enlil. Enki, sad to say, suffered from an inferiority complex," (p. 2):
The biggest action Enki did was send the flood to kill mankind (
Spencer, 1915; in Kelly, 1915, Volume 75; Volume 97, p. 314):
This is based on a poem from a collection of tablets found in Nippur (pp. 313, 316-317). So far, Ea matches the persona of the god of the Bible. In fact, now would be a good time to introduce the god of the Bible.
The Tetragrammaton (Ortlepp, 2010, p. 41), or YHVH (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 3068. Yhvh [Yehovah]) (Bible Hub, Strong’s Hebrew. 3069. Yhvh [Yehoveh]) comes in many forms: "Ya," "Yaw," "Yahu," and "Yah" (Langdon, 1931 [1964 reprint], p. 43) (Biglino, 2013, p. 63). From what I've found, it's also spelled as YHWH. There are also two main spellings of it: "YHW" and "YHWH." The spelling of the name as "YHW" is found on a Judean coin from the 4th century BC (399-300 BC) (Langdon, 1931 [1964 reprint], p. 43) (Hulster, n.d., What Did Yahweh Look Like?, para. 3; Judean Coin). YHW is also found on a "folded lead tablet" that contained a curse proclaimed by the god. The tablet dates back to the "Late Bronze Age II" (Stripling et al., 2023, Abstract; Paleographic analysis of the "Inner B" inscription). The date given by the authors is the middle-late 13th century BC (1250-1200 BC) (The archaeological context, para. 1-2). Langdon (1931 [1964 reprint]) said that YHW means "Yaw," and that the translation of the name as "Yahweh" or "Jehovah" never existed (p. 43).
According to Ortlepp (2011), the spelling of the name as "YHWH" is the proper one because it has been written the most. YHW, and even YH, are not the proper spelling. As for archeological finds, the spelling of the name can be seen on the Mesha stele, which dates to the 9th century BC (p. 41) (Biblical Archeology Society, 2013, para. 3). The Mesha stele is also called the Moabite stone (Biblical Archeology Society, 2013, Biblical Artifacts Found Outside the Trench: The Moabite Stone, para. 3). The stele/stone helped the tetragrammaton to be known by Israel's and Judah's neighbors (Drummond, 2023, para. 6). Interestingly, the Mesha stele is later (9th century BC) than the Late Bronze Age 2 tablet's spelling of the god's name (13th century BC)...
An older spelling of the name, "YHW3," was found in Egypt from 1390-1352 BC. This form of the name is associated with a people called the Shasu (Fleming, 2020, Ch. 2 p. 23). It was found in a temple of Amun-Ra in Soleb (Kennedy, 2019, p. 175 and p. 176 Figure 1; pp. 183-184 Figures 5-6a). However, the spelling of the name could also be YHW (Najovits, 2003, p. 198) (Murdock, 2014, p. 186), or YHWA (Hen, 2021, p. 4). Kennedy (2019) said that YHWH was also spelled "I-H-W3-3," and Shasu was spelled "S3SW" (p. 177). Clarke (2005) spells YHWH as "IHUH" or "YHUH" (Ch. 2: Gods of the Individuation Process in Egypt). Massey (1907) also stated that the Tetragrammaton in Egyptian was IHUH (Vol. 1, pp. 498-499, and 519). "S3SW" and "YHW3" (IHW33) were also found at Amara from the early 13th century BC (1400 BC) (Titus, 2019, pp. 177 and 189). It seems that the tetragrammaton (YHVH, YHWH, YHW3, and IHW33) is older than YHW. The "3," or two commas, is Egyptian in origin (Hen, 2021, p. 4). It's unknown precisely what it sounded like, but comparing it to the Semitic dialect, it probably made an "R" and "J" sound (Peust, 1999, p. 127 [in Gottingen, 1999]).
As for trying to pronounce the name properly, nobody seems to know how to do that (Drummond, 2023, para. 4-5). However, given the fact that Israelites used this god's name in their own names (Ex.: Elijah, Jeremiah, etc.), then that might be a way of saying the name (para. 4). Using "Yaw" as inspiration, I'm assuming the pronunciation is "Jah/Iah." A very helpful tip comes from an Egyptian god named Iah (Hart, 2005, p. 77). Also spelled "Iu" in Egyptian, this god had the same name as YHWH as Iah (Massey, 1907 [2013 edition], Vol. 1, p. 501). Iah (pronounced "Yah") is also found in the Ars Goetia Corpus, a supposed magic book belonging to King Solomon (Karnas, 2020, Sayfa 5, Presentation). As for the "WH" in the name, or "W3," it seems that it was pronounced as "U" (Clarke, 2005, Ch. 2: Gods of the Individuation Process in Egypt):
Pic 1:
Pic 2:
Parke-Taylor (1975 [2006 edition]) said that several pronunciations have been put forth. YH was "IH," Egyptian for "moon," and WH was "one." The whole name in Egyptian was "Yah-We," but "Yah-Weh" in Semitic. This was put forth by Norman Walker. However, both Friedrich Delitzsch and John Allegro say that YHWH came from the Babylonian, and Akkadian, word "IA-U" (p. 49). Iah's name in Egyptian is also "IH" (Garcia-Fernandez, 2017, p. 222, Abstract). The Greek version of the name is IAO (Diodorus Sicullus,
The Library of History, Book 1, Ch. 94, Section 2) (Massey, 1907 [2013 edition], Vol. 1, p. 506).
If IH (YH) is "Iah" (Garcia-Fernandez, 2017, p. 222, Abstract) (Massey, 1907, p. 498) and WH is "U" (Clarke, 2005) (Parke-Taylor, 1975 [2006 edition], p. 49 [Akkadian form of YHWH]). Therefore, the name could be spelled, and pronounced, as "Iahu." This was stated in Massey (1907) (Vol. 1, pp. 498-499). Another form of this is "Yahu" (Biglino, 2013, p. 63) (Romer, 2015, pp. 30 and 32) or Yaho (Romer, 2015, pp. 30-32). "Yah[u]" is in Isaiah's name, based on a bulla discovered with his name on it (Shuster, 2018, para. 6). It seems that the Egyptian form of the Tetragrammaton is IHW33, while the Hebrew version of the name is YHW3/YHWH.
However, after looking at the Soleb inscription of the Tetragrammaton myself, and after spending weeks trying to read Egyptian hieroglyphs and learn Hebrew, it seems that the Egyptian Tetragrammaton is actually "YH3U," "YH3W," or "YH3O."
Egyptian Tetragrammaton inscription from the Amon-Ra temple in Soleb (Kennedy, 2019, p. 183 Figure 5):
Using Figure 5 from Kennedy (2019), the hieroglyphs are two reeds, a house, a vulture (although Titus said this was a hawk [p. 184]), and a rope that looks like a noose. The two reeds are either "i" or "y," the house is an "h," the vulture is a "3" (two commas) or an "a," and the lasso (noose) is either "ua" or "o" (Budge, 1920 [2010 edition], Vol. 1, pp. xi, xiii, xxvi, xliv, 1ix-lxi, cxxii, 144, 438, and 592) (Frazer, 2012, pp. 64, 69-70, and 81) (
University of Memphis, Institute of Egyptian Art and Archeology: Events: Write Your Name in Hieroglyphs) (
Australian Museum, Documents: Egyptian Hieroglyphs). Based on most of my sources, it seems that the lasso is an "o."
Egyptian lasso hieroglyph (Frazer, 2012, p. 81):
Rope (lasso) hieroglyph (
Australian Museum, Documents: Egyptian Hieroglyphs):
Egyptian alphabet hieroglyphs (
University of Memphis, Institute of Egyptian Art and Archeology: Events: Write Your Name in Hieroglyphs):
We read hieroglyphs from top-to-bottom. The hieroglyph figures are also facing the right in the Soleb inscription, so we need to read from right-to-left. So it's top-to-bottom, left-to-right (
Glassgolife, How to read Egyptian hieroglyphs) (
Egyptian Hieroglyphs, Lesson 1). That's how I got "YH3O," or "YHAO." Now, the vulture hieroglyph ("3"/"a") is a glottal stop in ancient Egyptian. A modern example is saying "thro'le" in English instead of "throttle" (don't say the "t" sound) (Zauzich and Roth, 1992, p. 10) (McDermott, 2001 [2016 edition], p. 22). Therefore, pronouncing the Egyptian Tetragrammaton would be something like "YH'O." The "y" in the Egyptian language sounded like "ee" (Frazer, 2012, p. 69), so the sound would've been "EEH'O" or "EEHAO."
As for the Hebrew Tetragrammaton, the ancient Jewish writer Josephus said that the Tetragrammaton consisted of "four vowels" (
Josephus, Jewish War, Book 5, Ch. 5, Section 7). I've read various ways to try and pronounced the Tetragrammaton, but I think I've found my own way to pronounce it. Hebrew is read from left-to-right (Clarke, 2005, Ch. 2: Gods of the Individuation Process in Egypt). First, I using the words "Jews" and "Judah" for help. The hei (H) in both words are either silent, or help the yod (Y). In Hebrew, the word "Jewish" or "Jews" is "Yehudi." However, the "Ye-" (yod with a vowel underneath it) is "Je-," and the "-u" is the hei plus the vav with a vowel on the left side of it. However, the word in English is "Jews" (
Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew. 3064. Yehudi). In Hebrew, the word "Judah" is Yehudah. The "Yehu-" part is the same as in Yehudi/Jews, but comes out as "Ju-" in English for Judah. The last hei is connected to a letter with a vowel underneath it in Yehudah (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew. 3063. Yehudah), so the hei would probably show in the Hebrew Tetragrammaton.
Tetragrammaton (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 3068. Yhvh ["Yehovah"]):
Yehudi (Jewish/Jews) (
Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 3064. Yehudi):Yehudah (Judah) (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 3063. Yehudah):Notice how Yehudi and Yehudah have the Hebrew letters yod, hei, and vav, in them. These are the first three words in the Tetragrammaton (Yhvh).
Just when I thought that the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton was "Yehuh," the name Ea throws a monkey wrench into this idea. Margoliouth (1868) said that Ea, Sin/Nannar, and the god Aa/Ya, are El Elyon and Yahweh (in The Contemporary Review, Vol. 74, pp. 586-589). In fact, "The name Yahweh" was "lengthened, as archaeologists rightfully think, from Aa or Ya," (p. 587). Jensen (1890) said that Ea was also spelled as "Ia" (p. 271 [German]). Cook (1914) said that the name Iao comes from the name Ea/Eau, also spelled Iau, and is Ea (Vol. 1, p. 188 note 2; p. 228). Iao "corresponds to the Ju in Jupiter, and the Iac in Iacchus (Dionysus)," (Bennett, 1880, p. 523). Clay (1923) said that "the pronunciation of" Ea "is certainly very close to Jah," (p. 102). In Exodus 3:14, Yhvh told Moses "Ehyeh asher ehyeh" (Bible Hub, Exodus 3:14 [Interlinear]). Mattfield (2010) said that the word "Ehyeh" is actually the name of Ea. Ea was also spelled Aya/Ayya (p. 24). The Jewish letters yod and hei for "yeh," which are the first two letters of Yhvh (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 3068. Yhvh), are in Ehyeh (Bible Hub, Exodus 3:14 [Interlinear]). Kitz (2018) said that Yhwh and Enki/Ea got their names from the root words "hwy" and "hyy," pronounced "haya and/or haway." "Hwy" for Yhwh means "to be," and "hyy" for Ea means "to live" (Abstract). Ehyeh is actually the word "hayah" (Bible Hub, Exodus 3:14 [Interlinear]) (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 1961. hayah), and the letters yod and hei are in hayah too (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 1961. hayah).
Espak (2006) said that the "'e" in Ea originated in the proto-Akkadian language as "ha." Then, it turned into "'a." Finally, "'a" turned into '''e." In total, Ea would've been pronounced as "ha-a" in Akkadian originally, and then the name turned into "Ea" (2.2.1 [pp. 1-2]). Ha-a looks like the word hayah. Espak also said that the root word for Ea is, at best, "*hyy" (2.2.1 [p. 3]). Deitrich and Loretz (1999) said that the name Ea, according to E. Lipinski, is written as "Hyn" in Ugaritic literature. This would render the name as "Hayan or Heyan." Lipinski also said that the "sound 'e" was turned into "'a for a |ha|." This would turn the original spelling of the name "'E-a-an (or similar) to Hyn," (in Dietrich and Loretz, 1999 [2000 edition], Vol. 31 pp. 165 and 168). Dietrich and Loretz said that, outside of Ugaritic poetry, the name Ea has "the initial vocal sound of the name with the laryngeal stop (Alif)," (p. 169). This brings us back to Exodus 3:14. For the word Ehyeh, there is an alef (the letter "a") (Jewish Virtual Library, The Hebrew Alphabet [Aleph-Bet]) in front of the word hayah. This would translate into "'Ahayah" (or "Aahayah") (Exodus 3:14 [Interlinear]):
This would make 'Ahayah the Jewish spelling of the name Ea.
It's inescapable to me now that Yhvh is actually the name of Ea. Ea was the original "supreme god" of the first "primeval form of faith." He was later split into different deities. The monotheistic faith of Ea-Ya-Yahweh survived though, mainly through the Hebrews (Margoliouth, 1868; in The Contemporary Review, Vol. 74, p. 592).
The root word for Yhvh is havah
(Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 3068. Yhvh, NAS Exhaustive Concordance):
Havah is actually spelled "hava'" (or havaa) (
Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 1933. hava'):
The alef is silent (Jewish Virtual Library, The Hebrew Alphabet [Aleph-Bet]) (Jewfaq, The Hebrew Alphabet), so that seems to be why there's an apostrophe in place of it.
With hayah, the yod and hei spell "yah" (
Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 1961. hayah):
Both hayah, and havah, mean "to become" (
Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 1961. hayah) (
Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 1933b. havah). It seems that "hwy" from Kitz (2018) could be havah, while hyy is hayah.
Taking everything together, we have "Yahavah" for the Tetragrammaton.
The final "h" in Yhvh could be a "'matres lectionis'" for the final vowel, and it might've been silent. Its purpose would be to make the vowel that was before it short (Ortlepp, 2010, pp. 146-147):
According to Garrett and DeRouchie (2009 [2019 edition]), the mater (matres) lectionis "does not count as a consonant or close a syllable," but "is simply a vowel," (Ch. 2: Pointed Vowel Letters and the Silent Shewa, E. The Basics of Syllable Division):
Joshua, spelled Yehoshua (or Yehoshua') in Hebrew, has yod, hei, and vav, in it. The name originated "from Yhvh and yasha" (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 3091. Yehoshua [Yehoshua'], Strong's Concordance; NAS Exhaustive Concordance):With our new spelling of Yhvh, it seems that Joshua could've been spelled as Yahavashua' (or Yahavashuaa).
The Jews would've named themselves after their god, leading to the creation of the name "Jew." Clarke (2005) stated this as well (Ch. 2: Gods of the Individuation Process in Egypt). Interestingly, there is no letter for w in the Hebrew language. The vav is a "v," or an "o" or "u."
Hebrew alphabet (
Jewish Virtual Library, The Hebrew Alphabet [Aleph-Bet]):
Hebrew alphabet (
Jewfaq, The Hebrew Alphabet):
This also helps to support hwy being havah instead of "haway."
Rev. Taylor (1833) said that "JEUE" means Jew when "pronounced as one syllable," and when the word "Pater, or father," is added, we get Jupiter. The name Jehovah comes from Jupiter, but Rev. Taylor says that Jehovah is an incorrect pronunciation. Jeue is also spelled as Jeve, and eventually became Jove. The name Jove is replaced with Dominus ("Lord") in the "liturgical Latin of the Psalms" and "the Latin Bibles of Dathe and Castalio," (pp. 340-341):
The full name of the Hebrew god would be Yahavah Pater, also called Jove Pater-Jupiter! Interestingly, according to Drummond and Walpole (1810), the spelling of the name as "Jao-pater, or Jeu-pater" was "corrupted into Jupiter." They also stated that "Ion, Io, Iao, and O" were "the root of the Latin Janus, Jovis, and Jupiter," and they "are all taken from the name of Jehovah," (p. 62):
However, the Jews just called him by the first part of his name (Yahavah). Rev. Taylor said that Pater is sometimes dropped from the name (p. 341). Massey (1907) said that the "Jews of Cornwall" were "the prehistoric Jews who are to be known by the name of the god they worshipped," (Vol. 1, p. 501). The Jews named themselves after their god, which means that the Tetragrammaton was pronounced similarly to the word "Jew." I'm going with Yahavah (Yahavah Pater).
YHWH is typically spelled as "Yahweh", and "Jehovah" (Langdon, 1931 [1964 reprint], p. 43) (Tice, 1997 [2007 edition], pp. 5 and 7) (Hulster, n.d., What Did Yahweh Look Like?, para. 3; Judean Coin). However, Yahweh and Jehovah "never existed," according to Langston (1931 [1964 reprint]). Yaw/Yah was extended to be "Yahweh." The vowels from the word "Adonai" were put on the name, and that's how we get "Jehovah" (pp. 42-43). Romer (2015) said that Yahweh has a "more recent origin than 'Yaho' or 'Yahu'," (p. 32). In the Tanakh ("Old Testament"), Yahavah's name is usually translated as "I am who I am" (Exodus 3:14 [NASB]), or "ehyeh asher ehyeh" in Hebrew (Bible Hub, Exodus 3:14 [Interlinear]). As stated before, ehyeh means "I am" and ehyeh is Ea. He is also called "The LORD" and "The Lord God" (Jeremiah 1 footnote a [NASB]). However, Paul Tice says that Jehovah was an angel called Sabaoth (Tice, 1997 [2007 edition], p. 15). Sabaoth means "Lord of Hosts" (1 Samuel 4:4 [BSB]), or "Lord of Armies" (1 Samuel 4:4 [NASB]) (Zechariah 13:2 and 7 [NASB]). Jehovah was a cherubim, also known as "shining ones," and they were led by the angel Gabriel. Jehovah had the same power, or status, as Gabriel, due to being in the middle/above the cherubim (Tice, 1997 [2007 edition], p. 15) (1 Samuel 4:4 [BSB and NASB]). Another name for Jehovah is Samael, which means "blind god" (Tice, 1997 [2007 edition], p. 51). Samael is a particularly dangerous equation because he is Satan in Judaism (Jewish Virtual Library, Samael)! Samael is also the name of Yaldabaoth in the Gnostic text The Apocryphon of John. What's also scary about this is that Yaldabaoth, in the text, does everything that Yahavah does in the Tanakh. However, Yaldabaoth is also the bad guy in the text!
Here's the creation story according to The Apocryphon of John:
God the Father, the Invisible Spirit and first aeon, created the goddess/second aeon Barbelo, who was His first thought/deed and the image of the Father. Barbelo is the "womb of the everything," "the Mother-Father," "the thrice powerful" and "thrice-named androgynous one," etc. Together, the Father and Barbelo create Christ, "an only-begotten child of the Mother-Father which had come forth" and the "Autogenes." Christ was put in charge of overseeing everything. That's the best way that I can describe this story so far!
As for Sophia, also called "Sophia of Epinoia," she is an aeon and created Yaldabaoth without the help of the Father or her male consort. Yaltabaoth is an archon (I'm guessing that archons are bad guys), and he stole power from Sophia. Yaltabaoth is also called Saklas, and Samael. Yaltabaoth used Sophia's powers to create a bunch of beings: angels, demons, etc. In order to get her powers back, Sophia went to the Father. He told Yaltabaoth to create something, which turns out to be man (Adam), and Yaltabaoth lost Sophia's powers as a result. The Father sent Epinoia, also called Life (Eve!), to be Adam's helper. Eve is Sophia! She became Adam's helper, since her power is now in Adam. She also took on the bodily form of a woman (I think the Father did this). Sophia is mankind's helper in this text.
Chemosh is mentioned in 1 Kings 11:7 and 33 as the god of the Moabites. Outside of that, little info. on this god can be found. Some say that he was the "sun," or "Milcom-Moloch-Saturn." Apparently, there seems to be little supporting evidence for this (Cheyne and Black, 1899, p. 738). Some actually state that Chemosh, Baal, and Molech, were the same deity. This is based on the Moabite Stone (Jewish Encyclopaedia, Jastrow, Jr. and Barton, 2002, Chemosh, para. 1-2). Chemosh's name seems to be "'destroyer,' 'subduer,' or 'fish god.'" His role in the Moab pantheon is similar to that of Yahweh's (Learn Religions, Burton, 2019, para. 1 and 5). He was also a "savage war god" (Bible Gateway, Encyclopedia of the Bible, Chemosh; from Pritchard, 1956). That sounds a lot like Yahavah, doesn't it? Chemosh was also a Semitic deity, and he lead the Moabites to victory against the Israelites (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chemosh). From what I can tell, Chemosh did this, apparently, when the Moabite king sacrificed his son "as a burnt offering on the wall." Suddenly, a "great anger came upon Israel," leading them to back down and return "to their own land" (2 Kings 3:26-27). This "great anger" was probably Chemosh, using the Moabite stone as a source. It's interesting how the Tanakh didn't state that Chemosh beat them, but it also inadvertently confirmed the Moabite stone. 2 Kings 4 doesn't show the battle continuing, so it looks like Chemosh did beat Israel.
The human sacrifice, and Chemosh beating Israel, leads me to believe that Yahavah decided to let the Moabites win after getting a tasty human victim. Finally, Forlong (1897) said that the Mesa/Masha Moabite Stele made Yahovah "a form of Chemosh, that is Kamush (...) the solar 'Ruler of Hosts'." "Kam" means "'a lord, papa, or priest'," and "mas" means "'soldiers'." "Kam-mas" means "'the Lord of Hosts' or Tsabaoth," (p. 395):
Chemosh and Yahavah were the same god after all.
As to what Yahavah looks like, we have that silver Judean coin from the 4th century BC. It depicts the deity with the name "Yehud"/"yhd" (Hulster, n.d., What Did Yahweh Look Like?, para. 3; Judean Coin). Langdon (1931 [1964 reprint]) said that the name is "YHW," which means "Yaw" (p. 43). Cook (1914) also says the three words are "YHW" (Vol. 1 p. 232). It would be "YHV," using the modern spelling of the name. This would be "Yahav." Interestingly, Yahav is depicted as a man with a beard and a robe, and is seated on a wheel. Either Yahav has wings, or the wheel has wings (Hulster, n.d., What Did Yahweh Look Like?, para. 3; Judean Coin). Both Langston and Cook say that it's a winged wheel (Langston, 1931 [1964 reprint], p. 43) (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1 p. 232). There is also a falcon, (Hulster, n.d., What Did Yahweh Look Like?, para. 3), or a hawk (Langston, 1931 [1964 reprint], p. 43), or an eagle/hawk (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, p. 232), sitting on Yahav's arm.
Yehud/yhd (Yhv/Yahav) on the Judean Coin (Hulster, n.d., What Did Yahweh Look Like?, Judean Coin):
Description of coin (para. 3):
Description of coin (Judean Coin):
Langston (1931 [1964 reprint])'s description of the coin (p. 43):
Yahavah holding the eagle/hawk/falcon looks just like Ea on the Adda Seal holding the eagle/Zu bird:
Cook (1914) says that the winged wheel is associated with Dionysus (Vol. 1 p. 216), and "a bearded god enthroned with an eagle on his hand is a common art-type of Zeus." The winged wheel is a symbol of the sun as well, which would make the Judean coin depicting Yahavah as a "solar Zeus" (p. 232).
Dionysus on a winged wheel (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, p. 216, Figure 159):
In summation, Yahavah (or Yahavah Pater) is one of the Hebrew translations for the name of Ea, who is the god of the
Bible. The second translation is 'Ahayah. Yahavah is also Jove-Jupiter-Zeus, and Dionysus. Yahavah is the god of the Yahavadiy (Jews) who live in Yahavadah (Judah).
To put into perspective just how dangerous Ea is, Spence (1916 [2010 edition]) said that "Many of the Babylonian gods retained traces of their primitive demoniacal characteristics, and this applies to the great triad, Ea, Anu, and En-lil, who probably evolved into godhead from an animistic group of nature spirits." All three of these deities had "demon groups" associated with the. Enlil/Bel had "disease-demons," Anu had the "seven daughters" of "fates," and Ea had "seven storm-demons." Ea's "primitive monster form" from a "magical incantation" is ghastly: He had a head "like a serpent's, the ears are those of a basilisk, his horns are twisted into curls, his body is a sun fish full of stars, his feet are armed with claws, and the sole of his foot has no heel," (p. 268):
This description of Ea sounds like a dragon, or something similar. It also reminds me of Yahavah in the
Tanakh, in which he has smoke coming out of his nose, and fire coming out of his mouth (Psalm 18:8). That's the god we're worshipping!
Aside from being a dragon-like monster himself, Ea fought a dragon as well. In the Sumerian religion, Enki fought the dragon called Kur. This is documented inn the story "'Enki's Struggle with the Kur'," in which Enki fights the Kur after it kidnaps the goddess Ereshkigal. Actually, in the poem, someone handed Ereshkigal to Kur. Surprisingly, it was probably An (Anu) and Enlil. Enki fights Kur in his boat, and a battle ensues with stones being thrown at Enki. Although there is no ending to the story, it seems like Enki won the fight (Kramer and Maier, 1989 [2020 edition], pp. 82-84). In the Tanakh, the Elohim fight and kill Leviathan (Psalms 74:14).
Another class of beings we have to look at are the Apkallu. There were seven of them, and were also called the "seven sages." They served Ea, who was "their lord." They acted "like Ea, Anu, and Enlil" in the "maintainence of the 'designs of heaven and earth'," (Rochberg, 2010, p. 217). DeLonge and Levenda (2017) said that the seven Apkallu/Abgal were "divine or quasi-divine beings who could assume human form when necessary or desired." They were "the template for the biblical idea of the bene elohim." They "have their origins in the Abzu, the Abyss of Enki," and even mated with humans. This is similar to Genesis 6 (Ch. 2, There Were Giants in Those Days...). Ea was also equated to Oannes, who is the god of light and wisdom (Spence, 1916 [2010 edition], pp. 14 and 391) (Scribner, 2024, p. 30). However, Uanna-Oannes was an Apkallu that served Enki (Toorn, 1999; in Toorn et al., 1999, p. 73) (Kilmer, 1985; in Conrad and Newig, 1985, pp. 39-40).
As Saturn was equated with the sun (as stated previously), so was Ea. According to Jacob (2005), Enki is the setting sun, and he resides in the underworld/netherworld (pp. 164-165). Bois (2010) said that Enki was '''The Savage Bull of Sky and Earth'." Enki, as a result, "must sometimes be a lunar god." The bull was also a symbol of the solar god and the sun (p. 363; note 370). It has been noted before that solar worship was conducted by the Israelites (Taylor, 1993, Synopsis; Ch. 1, Introduction, p. 19). Archaeological evidence also includes more sun emblems with "lmlk" on Judean jar handles. The emblems are a sun disk with two wings, and a "four-winged scarab." In the Tanakh, Yahweh is called "semes," which means sun. This is in Psalm 84 (p. 20). Taylor believes that there is a close relationship between Yahweh and the sun, even so that Yahweh might even have been the sun itself (p. 22). Psalm 84:11 states that "the LORD God is a sun and a shield." Massey (1907) said that IHUH (Yhvh-Yahavah) was a solar god (Vol. 1 p. 499). All of this would make Ea a sun god.
Ea was represented by the numbers 40, 50, and 60. Now, not all of my sources agree as to how many numbers Ea had. The University of Pennsylvania said that Ea had the numbers d40 and d60 (University of Pennsylvania, ORACC, Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses. Enki/Ea). Rollig (1971) said that Ea had the numbers 40, 50, and 60. Ea is equated to the number 50 on the tablet Ur-50 = Amel-dE-a V R 44, 48 c/d. On the tablet 50 = dBE CT 13, 32, the number 50 here might equal Ea instead of Enlil (p. 500 [German]). Parpola (1993) said that Rollig was wrong about Ea being equated to 50. He said that Ea is only equated to 50 on the tablet mur-50 = mLU-dEa (5r 44 iii 15). He said that the tablet is actually "Ur-40 (Gilg. x ii 22 and passim)," (p. 182 note 87). However, the tablet that Rollig stated was called Ur-50 = Amel-dE-a V R 44, 48 c/d. The tablet 50 = dBE CT 13, 32 might equate Ea to 50 as well (p. 500 [German]). Parpola (1993) said that Ea was represented by the numbers 40 and 60. In fact, Ea was equated to the number 60 numerous times (p. 182 notes 87-88). Toorn (1999) said that Ea has been equated to the number 60 (in Toorn et al., 1999, p. 842). To be as accurate as possible, I'm going to take all of my sources together and say that Ea had the numbers 40, 50, and 60. The number 40 is important in the Bible. The rain fell for forty days and nights, and the flood "came upon the earth for forty days," (Genesis 7:12 and 17). The Israelites wondered in the deserts after the Exodus for forty years (Deuteronomy 2:7). Jesus was in the desert for forty days and nights (Matthew 4:1-2).
As stated before, all of the gods and goddesses are actually the same deity. This is true for Ea and the other Sumerian gods. According to Pinches (1902), a list of Babylonian deities "are identified, in the Assyrian proper names, with a very interesting deity whose name appears as Aa." Aa might be a spelling of the Hebrew god "Ya'u or Jah." "Ya" might be a spelling of the name Ea, according to Professor Hommel. Pinches said that Aa was equated to Assur ("Assur-Aa"), Ninip ("Ninip-Aa"), Bel ("Bel-Aa"), Nergal ("Nergal-Aa"), Samas ("Samas-Aa"), Nusku ("Nusku-Aa"), Sin ("Sin-Aa"), and others (p. 59). Most of these deities were also equated to "Ya, Ya'u, or Au, the Jah of the Hebrews." There was "Bel-Yau, 'Bel is Jah,' Nabu-Ya, 'Nabu is Jah,' Ahi-Yau, 'Ahi is Jah.'" Ahi, or "
aki," meant '''god,' or a god." This was originally put forth by Fuerst. The name "Ya-Dagunu, 'Jah is Dagon,'" was meant to equate the Hebrew god with Dagon. Then we have "Au-Aa," which equated "Jah with Aa, two names which have every appearance of being etymologically connected," (p. 59):
Pinches said that the combining of these names might've been"a desire and tendency towards monotheism," (p. 60). Mackenzie (1915) restated what Pinches said (Ch. 2 pp. 21 and 31).
Let's explore the other names of Ea below:
1.) Enlil (Dagan-Ninib-Assur-Bel):
Enlil figure (1800-1600 BC) from the Iraq Museum (Wikipedia). Photo belongs to Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin:
Ellil, who is also called Illil ("ILLIL"), Enlil, Ilu, and Nunamnir (Dalley, 1998 translation [2000 edition], pp. 9, 21, 27-28) (Jordan, 2004 [2014 edition], pp. 83, 90, and 359) (University of Pennsylvania, ORACC, Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, Enlil/Ellil), is the "god of ghosts, wind, air, and atmosphere" (University of Pennsylvania, ORACC, Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, Enlil/Ellil: Functions, para. 1) (Jordan, 2004 [2014 edition], p. 90) (Fontenrose, 2022, p. 157). "Lil" means "demon" (Jastrow, 1898, Part 1, p. 53) (Thierens, 1935 [2020 edition], p. 24). Therefore, Enlil means "chief demon" (Jastrow, 1898, Part 1, p. 53). However, Littleton (2006) said that "En" means "'Lord'" (Vol. 4, p. 480), so Enlil would mean "Lord Demon."
"En" means "'Lord'' (Littleton, 2006, Vol. 4, p. 480):
On the An=Anum list, Enlil and Illil were equated to Enlil (Litke, 1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3 p. 37). I will call this god Enlil for now on.
Enlil was also called "'Lord of the Storm'," and the "'Great Mountain'" (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, p. 580). Both Enlil, Yahweh (Yahavah), and Hadad, were represented by the bull, which represented the sun (Smith, 1927, Vol. 1, pp. 532-533). Lewis (2020) mentioned that Enlil's symbol as the bull made him a senior member of his pantheon. The bull was also a symbol for Anu, Taru, and Tessub (p. 154).
Pinches (1902) said that Yahavah was equated to the god Dagon, under the name "Ya-Dagunu," (p. 59). According to Sanchoniatho, Dagon, also called "Siton, or the God of Corn," was the god of "bread-corn, and the plough." Dagon was also called "Zeus Arotrius," (
Phoenician History [Rev. Cumberland, 1720, translation], pp. 29 and 32).
Encyclopaedia Britannica said that Dagan's name "was the Hebrew and Ugaritic noun for 'grain.'" Dagan was "the legendary inventor of the plow," (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Dagan). Langdon (1931 [1964 reprint]) said that "in cuneiform documents," Dagon was spelled as "Dagan, Dagun," (p. 78). I'll go with Dagan. Langdon also showed a coin "of the Persian period," and probably from the region of "Ashdod (Azotus)" or "Ascalon," depicting Dagan as half-human and half-fish, and holding "the trident of Poseidon," (p. 83 Figure 43):
On the An=Anum list, "Dagan is identified with Enlil," (Litke, 1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3 p. 42; note 193). Dagan and Enlil are the same god.
Cook (1914) said that Enlil became a solar god when he became "affiliated" with the sun god Ninib. As a result, Enlil was described "as a mighty ox or bull with glittering horns." Ninib then became a storm god (Vol. 1 p. 580). Ninib/NIN-IB was also the god Lahmu, one of the first gods created by the primordial deities Absu-Apsu and Tavtu-Tiamat in the Enuma Elish (see Smith, 1876, pp. 60, 62-66). However, Ninib was also Nergal, the "smiter" god. Both Lahmu and Nergal were storm gods (Hilprecht, 1910, Vol. 5, p. 47). Alternatively, Long (1987 [2015 edition]) said that Ninurta and Ninib were the same deity, and both were Kronos (Cronus) (p. 151 note 43):
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Cumont (1912) said that Ninib was Kronos (Cronus) (p. 46). On the An=Anum list, Ninib is equated to Ninurta (Litke, 1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3 pp. xi, 1, and 21). Rollig (1971) said that Enlil was represented by the number 50. He also said that Ninurta was probably represented by 50 as well (p. 500 [German]). On the An = Anum list, Lahma (Lahmu) is equated to the god Anuum and Antum (also spelled "Anu" and "Antu"). Ansar, also called Assur, is equated to Anuum and Antum as well (Litke, 1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3 p. 22; note 14; p. 20; note 3; p. 21). On "the "Smaller An:Anuum" list, Ansar is equated to Enlil. This is on the tablet CT 24 49 K. 4349E:7 (p. 21; note 8). Smith (1876) said that Anu was Lahma (Lahmu) and Sar/Assur (pp. 54-55, 66, and 68). In total, Enlil, Ninib-Ninurta, and Anu-Ansar-Assur, are all the same god.
In the Chaldean pantheon, El, also called Enu-Elu-Kaptu, was "the original Bel of Babylon," and was the "lord of the surface of the earth and the affairs of men." Merodach-Marduk is the second Bel, and god of Babylon (Smith, 1876, pp. 57-58). Elu was the god of Nipur (p. 58), just like Enlil was the god of Nippur (Jordan, 2004 [2014 edition], pp. 83, 90, and 359) (Fontenrose, 2022, p. 157). Fontenrose (2022) also said that Enlil and Marduk were the same god, and he ruled over both Nippur and Babylon (p. 157). Beaulieu (2018) said that Marduk and Enlil were equated as the same deity (p. 204). Dunlap (1894 [1898 edition]) said that "the Old Bel reproduces himself in the Second, who is like Him." Or, the second Bel was "a Manifestation of the Older, and consequently his Son." This is why Kronos' first son is also called Kronos (p. 77). This is based on Sanchoniatho's book (p. 77 note 7). The Old Bel is El/Belitan (p. 208). Using Smith (1876), the second Bel/Kronos must be Marduk-Merodach. Rollig (1971) said that Enlil and Marduk were equated to the number 50 (p. 500 [German]). Parpola (1993) said that both Enlil and Marduk were equated to 50 (p. 182 note 88). Toorn (1999) said that Marduk and Enlil were 50 (in Toorn et al., 1999, p. 842). This means that Enlil, and Marduk, were the same individual. They were both Bel. Long (1987 [2015 edition]) said that Marduk was Zeus (p. 151 note 43). Once again, Cronus and Zeus are shown to be the same deity.
In the Sumerian story Atrahasis, Ellil-Enlil is a warrior god (Dalley, 1998 translation [2000 edition], pp. 9, 21, 27-28). After humans were created, they made too much noise for Ellil to sleep. As a result, he had disasters fall upon them (usually done by other gods, but something tells me they might be aliases of Ellil/Enlil). The last disaster was the flood (pp. 18-29, and 31-33). Interestingly, the god Adad sent the flood (p. 31). However, Ea-Enki said that only Ellil could create a flood. Ellil then "performed a bad deed to the people." From the sequence above that line, it seems that Ellil sent the flood (via. the god Adad) (p. 29). It should be stated that Adad has been equated to Enlil (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2020 edition], p. 168) and Jeu as well (Langston, 1931 [1964 reprint], p. 43). Baal Adad/Hadad was "possibly the same as Bel (Enlil), Ea, Hadad, Ishkur, Jashar, Marduk, Riummon, Yahveh (Yahavah), and Zeus." Adad was also called "Ilhallubu (Babylonian), Ilumarru (Akkadian), Iluwir," among other names (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2013 edition], pp. 13 and 168). Remember that Ilu is Enlil. According to Teixidor (1977 [2015 edition]), Poseidon was called El-Creator-of-the-Earth, Ea ("a-a-s"), El, and Baal Saphon (pp. 42-43). Albright (1994) said that "the principal form of Baal at Ugarit was Baal-saphon," and that he reigned on Mount Saphon while also having "a palace or temple in heaven." Baal Saphon "was the marine storm-god par excellence, like Greek Poseidon." Baal Saphon was the "Lord of the North," and "lord of the northern storms," (p. 127). Baal Saphon was also Baal Adad, and Adad "lived on Mount Sapon (Zaphon, Saphon)," (Sibley, 2009, p. 45). Baal Adad was called Baal Hadad in Ugarit, and Hadad lived on Mount Saphon (Ford, 2016, p. 190). Miller and Brandon (2014) said that Baal Adad-Hadad was the god of Mount Saphon, and was equated to Zeus (pp. 16 and 18). Adad was Enlil, meaning that Enlil sent the flood himself! This matches Genesis 6-7, in which a single god sent the flood. Alternatively, in the Chaldean flood account, Hea, Shamas, Vul, and Bel (Merodach), sent the flood together. All of these gods were El-Elu-Ilu originally, but El was later forgotten and his powers were dispersed to those other gods (Smith, 1884, pp. 148 and 216). Enlil was Baal Adad as well.
"El" is another name of Yahavah in the Tanakh (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 410. el). El, also spelled Il ("IL"), Ilu ("ILU"), and Elu, is equated to the gods Enlil, Cronos, Zeus-Dyaus-Dagon, Yahavah, and Marduk (Sanchoniatho, Phoenician History [Rev. Cumberland, 1720 translation], pp. 29 and 32) (Smith, 1884, p. 148) (Fant and Reddish, 2008, p. 89) (Lewis, 2020, p. 113) (Aalta et al., 2020, p. 56) (Jordan, 2004 [2014 edition], pp. 83, 90, and 359) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Zeus, para. 1) (Binger, 1997, p. 78) (Caquot and Sznycer, 1980, p. 13) (University of Pennsylvania, ORACC, Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, Enlil/Ellil) (Beaulieu, 2018, p. 204). On the An = Anum list, Elum is equated to Enlil (Litke, 1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3 p. 38).
Vida (1944) said that El was called the "Lord of the Earth," and was Kronos (Cronus) and Poseidon (pp. 4-7). Thierens (1935 [2020 edition]) said that Enlil was the "Earth god" (p. 24). According to Smith (1876), Hea is Saturn-Cronus and Poseidon. Hea is the "god of the lower region," and "is lord of the sea or abyss" (p. 57). Hea was also equated to the planet Saturn, and he was also called "'Nin'" (Ninib?) (Smith, 1884, p. 216). Poseidon was originally the "god of the depths of earth, whence the sea originates" (Vida, 1944, p. 6 note 25). Ea-Enki is the "lord of the earth," and the "god of water" or "fresh waters beneath the earth" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ea). Kramer (1963) said that Enki was "the Sumerian Poseidon" (p. 197). Burkert (1977 [1985 translation]) said that Poseidon has been called "Husband of Earth," but this is "impossible to prove," (p. 136). However, Burkert said that Poseidon was the god of the sea and earthquakes, and was called the "Earth Shaker" (p. 137). As stated previously, Poseidon is equated to El and Ea. Dagan (Enlil) even has Poseidon's trident. Therefore, both Ea and Enlil are Poseidon. In Tablet 1 of the Enuma Elish, Ea kills the "progenitor" father god Apsu, and lives inside him (Apsu is the "deified underground waters") (Horowitz, 1998, pp. 109-111). This coincides with Ea being the "Lord of Apsu-Abzu" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ea, para. 2). This cycle of betrayal goes back a long way, as stated previously. Anu, or Ouranos, betrayed Alalu (the first god, and "a god of the earth") and took over the throne (Bachvarova, 2013 [in Chavalas, 2013], p. 274) (Livinstone, 2002, p. 89) (The Melammu Project, Kumarbi myth and Hesiod (1)). Elu/Cronos/Kumarbi defeated Anu/Ouranos, and castrated him (Sanchoniatho, Phoenician History [Rev. Cumberland, 1720, translation], pp. 30 and 34) (Livinstone, 2002, p. 89) (Bachvarova, 2013 [in Chavalas, 2013], p. 274) (The Melammu Project, Kumarbi myth and Hesiod (1)). Later on, Cronus is defeated by Zeus (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Zeus, para. 2).
Enlil separated heaven (An) and earth (Ki), according to The Creation of the Pickaxe poem (Kramer, 1944 [1961 edition], Ch. 2, pp. 36, 39-40). In Sanchoniatho's Phoenician History, Ilu-Elu-Cronos castrated Ouranus (Uranus) ([Rev. Cumberland, 1720, translation], p. 34). This is similar to Cronus castrating Uranus in the Greek pantheon. This was to symbolic "separating heaven from earth" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Cronus, para. 2). The Mesopotamian god Anu got castrated by Kumarbi, and Kumarbi was defeated by Teshub. Anu is Ouranos, Kumarbi is Cronus, and Teshub is Zeus (Livinstone, 2002, p. 89) (The Melammu Project, Kumarbi myth and Hesiod (1)). El is also Kumarbi (Encyclopaedia Britannica, El, para. 2). Kramer and Maier (1989 [2020 edition]) also suggested that Ea was probaly Kumarbi as well (p. 175). The Egyptian god Shu also separated the sky (Neith) and earth (Nu) from each other. Nu is the male god (Clair, 1898, p. 175). Funny how An, Anu, and Nu, all have similar names. In the Enuma Elish, Marduk kills the mother goddess Tiamat, and splits her in two. One part of her body "covers the heavens," or is the heavens. The other half becomes the earth (Enuma Elish, Tablet 4 [King, 1902, translation]) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Enuma Elish, The Plot, para. 2). In Genesis 1, the gods (Elohim; usually translated as "God") separate the waters. The top layer of water becomes the heavens, and the bottom layer of water becomes the seas (Genesis 1:6-10). The water is the sea goddess Tehowm (Genesis 1:1-10 [Harwood, 2017 translation, p. 2]). In Genesis 2:4, Yahweh elohim is the creator of heaven and earth, or "fashioned the land and the skies" (Genesis 2:4) (Genesis 2:4b [Harwood, 2017 translation, p. 2]). Anu, Ea, Enlil, Cronus, Kumarbi, Shu, and Marduk, are all basically doing the same action. Brown (1898) also said that Kronos/Karnaios was a sun god (pp. 116-118). As stated previously, Enlil was a sun god too.
In the Atrahasis, Ea-Enki warns Atrahasis to build a boat to survive the flood that Ellil-Enlil brought upon the Earth (Dalley, 1998 translation [2000 edition], pp. 28-31). In 1 Enoch 6, the Archangel Uriel warns Noah to build the boat. The Archangel Uriel is the god Uranus (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Uriel-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences). This would make Anu, and Ea, the Archangel Uriel. Since Enlil is also Cronos, he would also be Uriel as well. However, Cronus is the Archangel Cassiel, who is associated with the planet Saturn (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Cassiel-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences). Cronus is known as Saturn in the Roman pantheon (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Cronus, para. 1). This would make Enlil the Archangel Cassiel.
El figurines were those of an older male figure sitting. The "Enthroned deity" from Canaan in the 14th-13th century BC is one such figurine. It's wearing a conical hat, which might've been Egyptian in origin (The Met Museum, Enthroned deity, para. 1-2). El is also stated to have wings (Encyclopaedia Britannica, El, para. 2). The figure of Enlil from the Iraq Museum shows Enlil sitting, which is similar to the El figurines.
"Enthroned deity"/El figurine from the 14th-13th century BC (
The Met Museum, Enthroned deity, para. 2):
El is also the god of the archangels and angels. The name "el" is in the words ("archangEL" and "angEL"), so this would mean that the archangels and angels serve El. As to where the archangels came from, I think I may have an answer. In the Phoenician religion, Ilu/Elu was the leader of a group of gods called Eloim, the "Ilu's men" (Sanchoniatho, Phoenician History [Rev. Cumberland, 1720 translation], p 31). The Eloim, or Elohim, are in the Tanakh/Old Testament. Although the word Elohim is plural, it is usually translated as a singular name for Yahavah. However, Yahavah is part of the Elohim (Biglino, 2023, Ch. 2, Sections 1-2). For example, the Darby Bible Translation/DBT spells his name as "Jehovah Elohim" in Genesis 2:4-end. In fact, the Hebrew straight up says "Yahweh elohim" in Genesis 2:4 (Bible Hub, Interlinear, Genesis 2:4). Interestingly, the word "elohim" is the plural form of "eloah" (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew: 430. elohim, NAS Exhaustive Concordance) and "el" (Biglino, 2023, Ch. 2 Section 1: What "God" Means).
Bible Hub says that el can be singular and plural word for God or gods (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 410. el) In Psalm 82, el and elohim are mentioned (Bible Hub, Interlinear, Psalm 82:1). Vida (1944) says that El is a Semitic term for "god," but it is also the Semitic, and Aramaic, name of a singular deity (pp. 1-2). Fant and Reddish (2008) said that the word el could mean "any god" (p. 87). It seems that El is a singular word and a name, and Elohim is the plural form of the name/word. Therefore, in Psalm 82, el is singular form and elohim is the plural form. The name Zeus was used in a similar fashion to El's (Stornoway, 2019, p. 196).
This is how Psalm 82:1 is usually translated (Bible Hub, Interlinear, Psalm 82:1):
However, with el being a singular word/name (
Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 410. el), this would be a singular god. More than likely, this is El himself. This would re-translate Psalm 82:1 as the following:
"A Psalm of Asaph. The gods (Elohim) take their stand in the congregation of El-among the gods He judges."
Italics indicate where I made the changes. I used the NASB translation for help translating as well. From this, we can see that El is judging the Elohim. Apparently, the Elohim weren't doing their jobs properly ("judging unfairly"), so El threatens them that they "will die like any prince" unless they change their ways (Psalm 82:2-8). Seems that El doesn't just punish/harm people, but other gods as well...
We also have to talk about Elyon. Elyon is another name given to Yahavah in the Bible, and it means "high" (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 5946. Elyon). Sanchoniatho said that Elioun, also called Hypsistus, "the Most High." He was married to Beruth, and was the father of Ouranus and Ge (Sanchoniatho,
Phoenician History [Rev. Cumberland, 1720, translation], pp. 28-29). Another name for God is "Theos." According to Bible Hub, theos is a name for "God," or "a god" (Strong's Greek, 2316. theos).There was also a Theos/Zeus Hypsistos, meaning Theos/Zeus the "Highest" (Mikalson, 2009, p. 109) (Chaniotis, 2010, p. 120 [in Mitchell and Nuffelen, 2010]) (Mitchel, 2010, p. 170 [in Mitchell and Nuffelen, 2010]). In fact, Collar (2013) said that "'Theos Hypsistos' was the Greek Septuagint translation of the Hebrew" name "El Elyon, and the term has long been associated with Judaism" (pp. 224 and 227). Giambrone (2022) said the same thing (p. 194). Sanchoniatho's book, Phoenician History, was probably made around the 1st century AD (McCants, 2012, p. 16 note 11). Sanchoniatho stated that Elioun was the grandfather of Elu/Cronos. Elioun is also the grandfather of Dagon-Demaroon-Zeus. However, Elioun died in a "fight with wild beats." The reason why Elyon is Cronus'/Zeus' "grandfather," and died, is because these deities were turned into humans ([Rev. Cumberland, 1720, translation], pp. 28-29, 30, 32, and 35). This was due to Hellenization (McCants, 2012, p. 16 note 11).
As to why Elyon is El's grandfather, there might be a surprising reason behind it. L'Heureux (1979 [2019 edition]) said that Elioun is the god of Beirut, and "Sanchoniathon was a native of Beirut." It is suspected that Sanchoniatho made Elioun the chief deity because of this (p. 44). Originally, Elyon is "not documented in the Ugaritic texts, not anywhere else in our epigraphical sources for Canaanite and Phoenician religion," as an ancestor for El. His placement there is "secondary and artificial." Philo Byblius also seems to have had a hand in this as well (pp. 43-44, and 46).
In the Tanakh, both El and Yahavah have been equated to Elyon. In Genesis 14:17-22, we have "El Elyon" and "Yahweh El Elyon":
Vida (1944) stated that El Elyon and Yahweh were not the same deity, and that the conflation of the two individuals came from a later date. In fact, Yahweh, El, and Elyon, are three separate deities (pp. 1-4). Tov (2001) also stated that Elyon, El, and Yahweh, are three separate deities (p. 269). In Deuteronomy 32:8-12, God the Most High (Elyon) separated the land under the numbers of the amount of angels there were. Yahavah was chosen to look over Israel. The passage states that "Jacob is the allotment" of Yahavah's inheritance, and He watched over Jacob's people (Jacob is Israel [Genesis 32:28]). According to Merriam Webster, allotment means to allot something (Merriam Webster, Allotment). Allot means to "assign as a share or portion" (Merriam Webster, Allot). Did Elyon give the land of Jacob to Yahavah? Or, if Elyon is El and Yahavah, did he inherit the Israelites from himself? Now, in the Septuagint translation, God (Elyon) is said to have given the land to the angels to rule over. In other translations, whether it be NASB, CJB, or NOG, the angels are translated as being the "sons of Israel." Tov (2001) said that this retranslation was due to trying to enforce monotheism (p. 269).
However, if Elyon wasn't originally El's grandfather, then who was he originally? Langdon (1931 [1964 reprint]) said that "The legend of the death of Elioun or Hypsistos is undoubtedly based upon the cult of Adonis of Gebal, whose wounding by a boar in the precipitous mountain valley of the Adonis River" goes to "the sea at Gebal, is one of the episodes of this cult." Byblos was Gebal, and was founded by Ilos/Cronos/El (p. 66). In Gebal, El was Adonis. Astarte, El's sister-wife, was Aphrodite in Byblos (p. 67). L'Heureux (1979 [2019 edition]) said that "Elioun's death" was based on the "myths of Adonis cult," (p. 44). Using the "8th century Sefire Treaty inscriptions," it seems that Elyon is an epithet of El. Scholars like R. Lack, and others, have taken this position as well. It should be noted that other gods that were considered in charge were called "Elyon" as well, but there was no independent god called Elyon (pp. 45-46). Another hypothesis describing the name El Elyon could mean "'El, that is, Elyon'," (p. 46). Dunlap (1898) said that Adonis of Byblus, and Elioun, share similar deaths (p. 166), and he equates the two gods as "Adonis-Elyon," (p. 167). Soury (1881) said that "Adonis was certainly Elioun, the 'Most High'." Adoonis was also Tammouz (p. 56). The Greek god Adonis was celebrated in Byblos with "annual festivals called Adonia." This was to help with "the growth of vegetation and the falling of rain." Adonis was the lover of Aphrodite, and one story has him dying by a boar during a hunt. Aphrodite went to Zeus for help, and Zeus "allowed Adonis to spend half of each year with her and half in the underworld." Adonis' name "is believed to be of Phoenician in origin (from 'adon, 'lord')." Adonis was "identified with the Babylonian god Tammuz," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Adonis). Yahavah was also called Adonay (or Adonai), which also meant "Lord" (Dawson, 1888, p. 369 note 1) (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew: 136. Adonay). Tammuz, also called Dumuzi, is the son of Enki. Tammuz dying is "viewed as the power of the grain, dying when the grain was milled," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Tammuz, para. 2-3). All of this matches Langdon's statement that El is Adonis in Byblos/Gebal. Elyon-Hypsistos, Adonis, El (Enlil), and Yahavah (Hayay-Ea), are the same god.
Elyon assigned the Israelites to himself in Deuteronomy, or the author made it look that way. I think this was probably a method to make the Israelites seem special compared to other Semitic or Hebrew tribes. There was a lot of infighting between the tribes in the Tanakh... There's an example that we can use for this as well. Dan/Zen, later called Potei Dan, Poseidon, and Dios, was the original Zeus and god of the first Greeks ("Minyan Greeks") from 2000 BC. The second generation of Greeks, the "Achaean Greeks," worshipped the "Sky-god Zeus." They made Poseidon a lesser version of Zeus because these new Greeks became the new rulers of the land. this was unnecessary because Poseidon and Zeus were the same god (Seltman, 1956, p. 33). Following this line of logic, to me, the Israelites were Elyon-El-Yahavah's chosen people because they ruled the land of Israel.
Deuteronomy 32:8-12 (NASB):
NOG (This version calling the Most High "Elyon"):
In summation, El/El Elyon is the leader of the Elohim. Elohim were gods, and the word is the plural form of the name El.
The Elohim were also called Baalim, and Baal was the leader of the Baalim. This is like El as the leader of the Elohim (Massey, 1907, Vol. 1, p. 497). El and Baal were the same god. In Exodus 15, Yahavah is compared to the Baelim (Baalim) (Exodus 15:11 [interlinear]):
The Elohim and Baalim are the gods, and Elyon-El-Yahavah-Baal is their leader.
In the 1720 commentary to Sanchoniatho's book, Rev. Cumberland said that Cronus, Zeus, Belus, Baal, Moloch, and Osiris, are the same person. However, Zeus was also a son of Cronus. The second Cronus is the first son of the original Cronus (pp. 113, 152, 336-337). Sanchoniatho also stated that Zeus Belus was the second son of Cronus ([Rev. Cumberland, 1720, translation], p. 32). Rev. Taylor (1833) also stated that Jehovah, Jupiter, Adonis, Ammon, Hercules, Osiris, Dionysus, Aesculapius, Apollo, Phoebus, Bacchus, Pluto, and Baal, Bel, and El Belus, were all the same individual that represented the sun (p. 340). Acharya S (2004) said that Saturn-Cronus and Yahweh were the same deity, and were both sun gods (p. 121). Two other gods associated with Jupiter are Enlil, and Marduk. In fact, the Enuma Elish story was probably originally going to be about Enlil. Both Enlil and Marduk were also called Bel-Baal (Kasak and Veede, 2001, p. 12; p. 14, Table 2) (Dalley, 2021, pp. 101-102) (Fontenrose, 2022, p. 157).
Originally, when I first heard about El Shadday, I read that it was usually translated as "God Almighty"/"Almighty God" (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew: 7706, Shadday, Strong's Concordance) (Dever, 2005, p. 257) (Feldt, 2007, p. 110). Other translations are "God of the Mountain," and "God of the Breasts" (Biale, 1982, p. 254) (Feldt, 2007, p. 110) (Barker, 2012, p. 3). In fact, the word "shad" in Hebrew means "female beast" (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew: 7699. shad, Strong's Concordance). The word "day" means "sufficiency" and "enough" (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew: 1767. day, Strong's Concordance). Therefore, the true meaning of the name could be "god of the sufficient female breast(s)."
El Shadday seems to have always been associated with fertility. For example, Genesis 17:1-9 also shows El Shadday ("God Almighty") appearing to Abram (Abraham), and saying that he will have many descendants. This name for Jeu was worshipped by the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (Biale, 1982, p. 252) (Barker, 2012, p. 3) (Exodus 6:2-3) (Dever, 2005, pp. 257-258). El Shadday also helped with the births of Samson and Samuel (Biale, 1982, p. 252), and even Joseph (the multi-colored coat) seemed to have worshipped Her (Barker, 2012, p. 3). Apparently, El Shadday appeared, and was worshipped, before Yahavoh was (Exodus 6:2-3).
I thought that El Shadday was a name for Asherah, but I found out that I was sorely mistaken. El Shadday does not mean "god of the breasts," or "god of the sufficient female breasts." Despite being translated as "God Almighty," the definition of Shadday is "field" or "land." It comes from the word shadad (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew: 7706. Shadday, Strong's Concordance; Strong's Exhaustive Concordance), which means to "to deal violently with, despoil, devastate, ruin" (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew: 7703. shadad, Strong's Concordance). If the word shadad looks familiar, that's because it looks like the name Hadad, a name for Baal! I also know now that the word El is most likely the name of the god El. The true definition of El Shadday should be "god of violence," or something like that. If we go back to Seth and Saturn being equated with Typhon the Destroyer, then we could speculate that El Shadday could mean "god the destroyer." In fact, for the NASB translation of the word shadad, "destroy (7 times)," "destroyer (9 times)," and "destroyed (12 times)," were used the most (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew: 7703. shadad, Strong's Concordance). Seems like "the god of violence/god the destroyer," would be the more accurate translation for El Shadday.
El Shadday could also mean something more sinister. The name could also mean "god [Allah] of demons" (Harwood, 2017, pp. 42 and 88). Mordechai (2019) also said that Shaddai (Shadday) meant "spirit or demon," and a large stone with a humanoid figure having the head of a bull (from Sargon the 2nd's palace) is one of these spirits. Mordechai then tries to separate El Shadday from these spirits or demons (p. 112). I'm not buying that. Rev. Taylor (1833) said that Baal Shadai ("God Almighty"/Shadday), and Beelzebub, were the same individual (p. 339). Beelzebub, also spelled Baalzebub, is "the prince of the devils" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Beelzebub).
Bull spirit/demon stone figure from Sargon 2nd's palace in Assyria (Mordechai, 2019, p. 112):
This bull figure is called the "Cultic stele" in the
Israel Museum, Jerusalem. It dates to the "Iron Age II, 9th-8th century BCE." The figure was either the god Hadad, "or the moon god," or "a fusion of the two," (
Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Explore the Collection, Cultic stele):
Harwood (2017) said that the word shadayim was translated into "devil" or "demon," but this same word is Shadday and should be translated as "demon" too (p. 87). From what I've been able to find, the Hebrew word Siddim means "evil powers or deities," and "devils." The root word is ShD, which is the same root word of El Shadday (Blavatsky, 1892, p. 298) (Lesley, 1886, p. 306). ShD is also spelled shdd, and it means "to destroy" (Ryle, 1921, p. 197) (Lesley, 1886, p. 306). ShD and shdd must be the word Shadad. ShD/Shadad always had a negative connotation. Shadday (or Shaddai) is also spelled ShDI and Shedi, and means "all destroyer" in the Septuagint (Greek translation of the Tanakh) and Seth/Typhon (Lesley, 1886, pp. 305-306, 308, and 312). Shed, or SheD, means demon. ShaD means "female breast." ShD in Shadday doesn't mean female breast. Therefore, ShDI/SheDI/Shedi (Shadday) more than likely means demon (p. 306). Looks like Harwood (2017) was right. Massey (1907) said that El Shadday "might be Sut, Seth, or Anup," in the Kamite religion. El Shadday was also a "star-god" (Vol. 1, p. 499). As stated before, Seth was a god of the sky/cosmos as well.
In his 1720 commentary to Sanchoniatho's book, Rev. Cumberland said that Ilu (Elu)/Cronos was probably similar to Shadday. This is stated during a scene in
Phoenician History where Cronos killed one of his sons called Sadid, due to "having a suspicion of him" (p. 31). Once again, this word is associated with violence. Lewis (2020) said that the members of El's divine council were called "'shaddays' at Dier' Alla," (p. 113):
The name Enlil also tells us that this god was associated with demons. "Lil" means "demon" (Jastrow, 1898, Part 1, p. 53) (Thierens, 1935 [2020 edition], p. 24). Therefore, Enlil means "chief demon" (Jastrow, 1898, Part 1, p. 53). I'm guessing that Ellil means "god demon." El Shadday was also called Bel Sade/Beal Shadai/Baal Shadai (Rev. Taylor, 1833, p. 339) (Day, 2000 [2010 edition], p. 33). Day (2000) said that Shaddai meant "'the mountain one,'" and was used for El a lot. Day also says that, according to a researcher named Cross, the name Bel Sade meant "'lord of the mountain'." Shaddayyin was plural for gods (pp. 33-34).
Day (2000 [2010 edition]) on Bel Sade (Baal Shadday) and Shaddayyin (p. 33):
However, we now know that Shadday means demon. Bel Sade/Baal Shadday would mean "lord of demons."
El was also equated to Seth as Setel/Set-El/El Sadi (El Shadday). Shed means demon in Hebrew, and Sada means "'demon in Syriac'." The name "Set" seems to be "meaning the Sun-god and also the Demon" (Dunlap, 1894, p. 228 note 2):
El is described as a "'bull' with powerful horns and a thick white beard" (Caquot and Sznycer 1980, p. 12) (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, El, para. 2). Hmm. A bull god that rules over bull spirits or demons? How ironic. El as the bull was a symbol of his "procreative powers" (Pope, 1955, p. 35). Lewis (2020) shows a "bronze figurine of a muscular bull" that probably represented Ilu (El). It came from Ugarit (Lewis, 2020, p. 159 Figure 5.32):
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It has also been stated that El being equated with the bull cemented his status as the leader of the gods. It was also a symbol for senior members of the pantheon (Lewis, 2020, pp. 154-155). Typhos/Set-Typhon was represented by the "Golden Bull" (Dunlap, 1894, pp. 196 and 228 note 2). Sounds like the golden calf from Exodus. The golden calf was said to have been the "gods" who delivered Israel out of Egypt (Exodus 32:4). Natan (2006) said that Il/El was a moon god (Vol. 2, p. 391). Rev. Taylor (1833) said that Jehovah, Jupiter, Adonis, Ammon, Hercules, Osiris, Dionysus, Aesculapius, Apollo, Phoebus, Bacchus, Pluto, and Baal, Bel, and El Belus, represented the sun (p. 340). El was Kronos, "Bel and Bolaten," "Abel (Abelios)," "Hael (Hel)," Aelios/"Helios (the Sun)," Apollon/Apollo, "Saturn and Sol," Horus, Dionysus, and Set (Setel/Set-El/El Sadi [El Shadday]) (Dunlap, 1894, pp. 5, 74, and 228 note 2). Il (El) was equated to Ra and Asshur (Rawlinson, 1882, pp. 50-51).
Cronus was also called Zeus, under the name Zeus Laphystios. He was also Baal (Brown, 1898, pp. 118, 146-147) (Brown, 1902, p. 127). It is said that human sacrifices were offered to Zeus Laphystios (Stoll, 1852, pp. 22-23) (Brown, 1899, p. 197). Zeus Laphystios also seems to have been associated with the ram, which was a solar symbol (Brown, 1899, pp. 197-198). Zeus was called Iw/Io, Kouros the son of Kronos, and was the leader of daimones/demons (Kershaw, 1997, pp. 160-161).
Allah's name (Allah.org, Allah [God]):
Allah is the god of Islam. The name means "the" (al-) "God" (Ilah), which comes together as Allah. The name "is probably a contraction," and derives from "il, el, and eloah, the latter two used in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Allah, para. 1-2). Ilah came from "aliha"/"Ya’lahu" in pre-Islamic times. The “i” in Al-ilah was dropped over time to form the name Allah (Rafiabadi, 2003, p. 202). Harwood (2017) said that "Al" was "sometimes transcribed as El," and "allahiym is usually transcribed as elohim," (p. vii). In the Jewish language, El is spelled with an alef. This would've made the spelling of the name as "'Al" (or "Aal") (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 410. el):
'Al is the name of Enlil in the Jewish religion, while in the Islamic religion he's called Allah.
Just like Anum and Enlil, Il/El/Ilah/Allah is also associated with the moon (Natan, 2006, Vol. 2, p. 391). Wake (1870) said that the moon was worshipped before the sun, and that Saturn/El/Ra, represented the moon first (p. 214). The holy book of Islam is the Qur'an (Palmer, 2017, Introduction [p. 1]). The god of the Bible was also the god of the Qur'an.
Bois (2010) said that "Enlil and Enki are probably variations of the same god (Ea)" (p. 363 note 370). Bois also says that Enki was '''The Savage Bull of Sky and Earth,'" and Enllil was called "the Wild Ox that destroys through hurricane and flood." Enki, as a result, "must sometimes be a lunar god." The bull was also a symbol of the solar god and the sun (p. 363; note 370). This would make both Enlil and Enki sun gods.
Bois (2010) (P. 363 [Enki as the "Savage Bull"]):
P. 363 note 370 (Enlil and Enki were the same god called Ea; Enllil was "The Wild Ox"):
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To my surprise, there are deeper connections between Ea and Enlil than I thought. There seems to have been a rivalry between the cities of Eridu and Nippur. Nippur and Eridu were the first two Babylonian cities. Nippur was the Northern Babylonian city, and Eridu was the Southern city. Eventually, the two cities merged (Spence, 1916 [2010 edition], pp. 14-15) (Kramer, 1972, p. viii). As for Enki, he lost the battle against Enlil in terms of dominance, and he was called Enlilbanda (Kramer, 1972, p. viii). Enlilbanda seems to have different meanings. Enlilbanda could mean "'Junior Enlil'" (Kramer, 1972, p. viii) (Frayne and Stuckley, 2021, p. 96). Another possible meaning comes from the "Akkadian prayer entitled 'Enlil of Intelligence.'" In the prayer, Enki is called "Enlilbanda, the skilled, the blessed..." Therefore, Enlilbanda means "Enlil of Intelligene" (Kalugila, 1980, p. 41; note 18). Regardless of its meaning, Cohen (2013) said that Enlilbanda was "the craftsman god," and "a nickname of Ea" (p. 117). Frayne and Stuckley (2021) said that Enlilbanda was "One of the names of Enki/Ea," (p. 96). Eridu's culture would eventually turn into Babylon's (Spence, 1916 [2010 edition], pp. 14-15).
According to Yakubovick (2010), Ea/Iya also seem to have been "El-Creator-of-Earth" ('l qn 'rs/Elkunirsa) in the Karatepe inscriptions (in Cohen et al., 2010, pp. 391, 393-394). In the first two "Luvian" inscriptions (called "Hu" and "Ho"), Ea is mentioned. In the third inscription, which is Phoenician ("Phu"), El-Creator-of-Earth is mentioned. Since Tarhunt of Heaven is mentioned in the first two inscriptions, then he must be Baal of Heaven in the third one. Since sun of Heaven is mentioned in the first two inscriptions, he must be the Eternal Sun in the third one. Following that logic, since Ea is mentioned in the first two inscriptions, then he must be El-Creator-of-Earth in the third one (p. 391). This equates Ea and El as being the same deity.
Karatepe inscriptions (Yakubovick, 2010; in Cohen et al., 2010, pp. 391):
Yakubovick also stated that Dietrich (2007) "described El as the Ugaritic 'pendant' of Ea." There also seems to be a connection between Kumarbi/Kumarma and Ea in the Tell Ahmar and CEKKE inscriptions, especially in the CEKKE inscription where the phrase "Kumarbi and Ea" is inscribed. Thus, Ea, Kumarbi, and El, are equated as the same deity (pp. 391-394).
CEKKE inscription (Yakubovick, 2010; in Cohen et al., 2010, p. 393):
Elkunirsa/El was married to Asertu/Asherah (Day, 2000, p. 60) (Singer, 2007; in Kosak, 2007, p. 632). Ea and Enlil had their abodes in the same location. El's abode was either near the Euphrates/Malta River (Yakubovick, 2010; in Cohen et al., 2010, p. 394) (Singer, 2007; in Kosak, 2007, p. 632) (Day, 2014, p. 29) like Yahweh in the Bible (Day, 2014, p. 29), "the 'two thmt-waters,' possibly 'heaven' and ocean,'" while Enki's "abode is only related to the subterranean ocean," (Tsumura, 2005, p. 139), or both the Tigris and Euphrates/Mala Rivers (Dijkstra, 2013; in Becking, 2013, p. 83) (George and George, 2014, p. 62) (Matthiae, 2020, Ch. 5. Early Syrian religion, the Red Temple, and the Temple of the Rock), like Enki did (George and George, 2014, p. 62) (Matthiae, 2020, Ch. 5. Early Syrian religion, the Red Temple, and the Temple of the Rock). This is interesting because the two rivers flowing out of Enki in artistic depictions are the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (Jacobsen, 1976, p. 111). Both Ea and Enlil had their abodes in the same location. Yahweh's mountain was between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (Harwood, 2017, p. vi):
In artwork, Ea is shown with a "'flowing vase'," which seams to be equated with "life-giving water" (Kramer and Maier, 1989, p. 203). The seated god associated with the vase with streams of flowing water coming out of it, or streams coming out of the god himself, "was assimilated to Enki" (pp. 120 and 123). This can be seen on the "The Enthroned Enki" seal, with Enki in the center, sitting, and holding a vase with water and fish coming out of it (p. 123 Figure 3):
According to Matthiae (2020), there are "Old Syrian glyptics from the first half of the second millennium BC" that shows El "with the same attributes as Enki, bearing overflowing pots of water, or with subterranean waters flowing from this figure," (Ch. 5. Early Syrian religion, the Red Temple, and the Temple of the Rock):
This can be seen on pp. 100 and 107 in Toyraanvouri (2021). Figures 3 and 6 depict a seated ("enthroned") god "holding a goblet from which two streams of water issue," (p. 100 Figure 3). The "enthroned figures bearing cups" are stated to be "El-type deities" (p. 107 Figure 6; p. 108). In Figure 6, it seems that there is a stream of water coming out of the shoulder of El and going into a goblet on the ground (pers. obs.). This is reminiscent of the streams of water coming out of Ea's body on the Adda Seal.
Figure 3 from Toyraanvouri (2021) (p. 100):
Seated figure is "probably El" (p. 108):
Figure 6 from Toyraanvouri (2021) (p. 107):
El in both of these figures looks identical to Eya from the The Enthroned Enki seal. de Jassy (1908) said that El/Elu was a sea god ("El haiom, the Seagod, the God who started from the water,"). The water is also said to be "the mother of El," (1908; in Carus, 1908, Vol. 18 pp. 130-131). Sounds exactly like Ea being the son of the primeval waters.
We've already talked about Ninurta before, but I've found something interesting about him. Ningirsu, who was Ninurta and Ninib (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2021 edition], p. 348) (Clark, 1913; in The American Journal of Theology, 1913, Vol. 17 p. 417) (Langdon, 1913, p. 141), was depicted as a seated god with overflowing vases (Frothingham, 1916, pp. 183-184) (Nadali, 2011, p. 214) (Suter, 2000, p. 67). Suter (2000) even said that Ningirsu, in Lagas, took the overflowing vase "from the water god of earlier images," (p. 67). This can be seen on the "cylinder seal of king Gudea" (Frothingham, 1916, pp. 183 Figure 3) (Nadali, 2011, p. 214 Figure 2).
Ningirsu (Ninurta-Ninib) (far right) seated, and with the overflowing vases on the cylinder seal of king Gudea (Nadali, 2011, p. 214 Figure 2):
Since Ninurta is Cronus, and was the seated god with an overflowing vase, this would equate him to being both Ea and Enlil. Better yet, Rollig (1971) said that Enlil, Marduk, Ninurta, and Ea, were equated to the number 50 (p. 500 [German]). Parpola (1993) said that Enlil, Marduk, and Ninurta, were equated to 50. Ninurta was also the number 40, just like Ea (p. 182 notes 87-88). Toorn (1999) said that Ninurta was 40 (in Toorn et al., 1999, p. 842). This would make Enlil, Marduk, Ea, and Ninurta, the same individual.
As if that wasn't interesting enough, Ea was probably Enlil's father! On the An =Anum list, the god Lugaldukuga, equated to the god "a.a. Enlillake," is the father of Enlil (Litke, 1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3 p. 37; note 147). According to Horowitz (1998), on the "Late Babylonian tablet from Sippar," called CT 13 35-38, the incantation called The Bilingual Creation of the World by Marduk seems to state that Lugaldukuga was "Enki/Ea" (pp. 129-130). On CT 41 39, "Lugaldukuga is identified as Ea." Marduk is the son of Ea. Also, this incantation suggests that "Enki, rather than Marduk, fashioned the world," (Horrowitz, 1998, pp. 129-130). If Lugaldukuga was Ea, then this could mean that Ea was considered to be the father of Enlil-Marduk! But at the same time, Ea was also equated to Enlil-Marduk. It would be much easier just to say that all these deities were the same entity.
Map of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah (Jewish Virtual Library, The Two Kingdoms of Israel):
I think it's necessary to figure out how Ea got so many different names. From what I've been able to find, Ea's different names came from the different people that worshipped him. The names of the tribes usually came from the deities, or a family leader. For example, as stated above, the Ammonites worshipped Baal. There was a god named Baal Ammon. Therefore, this must've been how the Ammonites received their name. On the other hand, the Semites received their name from a man named Shem, a son of Noah (Bible Hub, Topical Bible, Semites, 1. Biblical References; 3. Original Home of the Semites). Now, let's use this method to see which Hebrew tribe worshipped which form of Yahavah.
Before, I said that Yahavah sounds like the best way to say the Tetragrammaton. This is based on three of the four letters being in the words "Yehudi" (Yahavahudiy/Jewish/Jews) (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 3064. Yehudi) and "Yehudah" (Yahavadah/Judah) (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 3063. Yehudah). This can help us understand where the Jews got their name: The Yahavadiy (Jews) worshipped the god Yahavah (Ea), and they lived in the land of Yahavadah (Judah).
Tetragrammaton (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 3068. Yhvh ["Yehovah"]):
Yehudi (Jewish/Jews) (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 3064. Yehudi):
Yehudah (Judah) (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 3063. Yehudah):
The tribe of Yahavadah named themselves, and their land, after their god. I believe that Judah was a continuation of the Eridu religion.
Now, let's talk about Israel. I believe that this name is derived from the god El, who is Enlil. According to Friedman (2015), the people of Israel worshipped the god El originally. The Levites worshipped Yahweh (Yahavah). When the Levites left Egypt during the Exodus and met the Israelites, both groups identified El and Yahweh as being the same deity (The Significance of God Revealing the Name YHWH in the Levitical Sources). Fleming (2020) that a "particular link between El and Israel [...] would go back at least to the the late 13th century," and that the Israelites served him. In fact, an altar made to El by Jacob in Shechem had the inscription "El Elohe Yisra'el," meaning "'El, god of Israel.'" This phrase can be seen in Genesis 33:20 (p. 251) (Genesis 33:20). Wright (2009) mentioned this inscription as well, and came to the same conclusion (Ch. 4). Smith (2001) said that it has been proposed that El was the original god of Israel because "El" is in the name "IsraEL." He also stated that "some evidence may point to El as the god associated with the Exodus from Egypt in some early biblical tradition" (Ch. 7 abstract). This makes sense because Yahavah said that he was originally known as El Shadday in Exodus 6:2-3. Also, in the Hearst Medical Papyrus, El Elyon was blamed for sending a disease ("black skin lesions") upon the Egyptians when they were fighting the Hyksos (Weinstein, 2021, Native Egyptian Overthrow of the Hyksos 15th Dynasty: 3. Natural Disasters). Enlil was the god of the Exodus!
It has been said that the word "el" could also be a generic name for a god (Smith, 2001, p. 135) (Wright, 2009, Ch. 3) (Romer, 2015, p. 72) (Fleming, 2020, p. 251). However, Romer (2015) demonstrated that the name "el" in Israel is the proper name of the deity El (pp. 72-73), and that El was the original god of Israel before Yhwh (Jeu) came along (p. 74). Wright (2009) said that Yahweh (Jeu) said he was called El before (El Shadday), and the personal names of people with the name "el" in it referred to the actual god named El (Ch. 4). In summation, the El in the Bible is the deity El (Enlil) himself.
Interestingly, Smith (2001) said that the name El appears in personal names of people in Amarna (p. 135). Amarna is the city built by the pharaoh Akhenaten that was dedicated to the sun god Aten. The city was originally called Akhetaten, the "Horizon of the Aten" (Stevens, n.d., para. 7-8). This could help to establish that Aten and El were seen as being the same deity as well, along with Yahavah.
In summation, El (Enlil) was the original name of the god of Israel. This coincides with Exodus 6:2-3. Enlil was the god of the Exodus too. I believe that Israel was the continuation of the Nippur religion.
Molech, also called Milcom, is the god of the Ammonites (1 Kings 11:5 [NASB] [NIV] [NLT]), but he was also another god that the Hebrews worshipped quite a lot in the Tanakh. His worship included human sacrifice (Leviticus 20:1-5) (Jeremiah 32:35). The name "Molech" was also spelled as "mlk" (Taylor, 1993, p. 202). Interestingly, Molech might be connected to Baal, since both gods are in the Valley of Ben-Hinnom, and the "high places" of Baal included sacrificing children "through the fire of Molech" (Jeremiah 32:35). If you ask me, the name "Ammonites" seems to give an answer: Baal Ammon.
According to Adams (2017), Hammon, also spelled Ammon, was both Cronus-Saturn and Zeus-Jupiter. Cronus "represents that aspect of reality that, like time, ultimately consumes everything." On the other hand, Zeus "represents the evergreen, generative force that endlessly creates anew." In other words, "both the negative force of entropy and the positive force of syntropy." The same can be seen with Jeu having two sides: Elohim being the judge and YHVH being more gentle (p. 63). As we also know, Elohim is plural for "gods" or "El's men." Davis (1861) also said that Cronus-Saturn was the god of time, and Baal Hammon (p. 287). Fox (2009) also stated that Baal Hammon was Cronus-Saturn, and that Hammon had infants sacrificed to him in his cults (p. 281). According to Coulter and Turner (2000), Baal Hammon is Jupiter and his partner was Tanit. They were worshipped in Carthage ([2013 edition], pp. 43 and 87). Baal Hammon is both Cronus and Zeus
In the Tanakh, Yahavah is portrayed as the "true god" trying to win the good fight against "false gods." Baal was probably Yahavah's most persistent adversary, which included human sacrifice (Judges 6) (1 Kings 18) (Jeremiah 2:4-8; 19:5). We also have that famous scene in which the prophet Elijah competes with (and supposedly wins against) the prophets of Baal in 1 Kings 18. However, as we have seen previously, Ea and Enlil were called Baal. In fact, Yahavah WAS CALLED BAAL in the Tanakh (Hosea 2:16):
The word "Baal" means "Lord," and represented the sun (Rev. Taylor, 1833, p. 339) (Fant and Reddish, 2008, p. 81). Baal also meant "husband" (Fant and Reddish, 2008, p. 81), so calling Yahavah "Baal Yahavah" meant "Lord Yahavah" or "Husband Yahavah."
According to Foster (1901), Molech had the "face of a calf," and a human body. The children were "put into its arms, where they were burned to death" (p. 139).
Molech (Foster, 1901, p. 139):
Pope (1955) said that El was called "mlk" (Molech) more than other deities, and was equated to the Tyrian god Melqart (pp. 26-27). Dunlap (1858) said that Dionysus, El, Jehova, Baal-Saturn, Bel-Mithra, Sol, Typhon, "the Tyrian Uso(v) (Mars)" who was called Chom in Egypt, and Vulkan-Vulcan-Hephaestus (Baal-Chon), were Malach-Moloch. El "eats up children." "Molech was the sun," and "Saturn, Sol, and Mars," are the "Winter, Spring, and Summer Sun" (pp. 109-110).
Encyclopaedia Britannica (1797) said that Moloch (Molech) was sometimes believed to be Saturn, whom also had human sacrifices offered to him, Mercury, Mars, Mithras, Venus, or the sun (Vol. 12 Part 1 p. 204). Rawlinson (1882 [2024 edition]) said that the "Rites like those of Molech belonged certainly to El and to Baal" (p. 146). In other words, El, the god of the Israelites, is Molech!
El is described as a "'bull' with powerful horns and a thick white beard." Baal Hadad has been stated as a "'bull-calf', with thin horns and a narrow beard," (Caquot and Sznycer 1980, p. 12). Both Enlil, Yahweh, and Hadad, were represented by the bull, which represented the sun (Smith, 1927, Vol. 1, pp. 532-533). In the Tanakh, Yahavah is stated as having "the horns of the wild ox/bull" (Numbers 23:22 [NASB] [GWT] [NETB]). One of Seth's symbols was the red ox, and red oxen were sacrificed to him as well (Martin, Jr., 2021, p. 44). Jupiter's "favorite sacrifice" was having a white ox offered to him (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Jupiter, para. 4). The bull was also a symbol of Zeus, and the two cults (the bull and ram cults) probably "existed side-by-side" one another "from a remote Indo-European past" (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, p. 430). Poseidon was also represented by the bull, as well as the horse (Burkert, 1977 [1985 edition], pp. 64-65, 103, 124, 136, and 138). "Bulls, rams, and lambs," were sacrificed to Yahavah (Ezra 6:9 and 17). People have also been sacrificed to Yahavah (Exodus 34:19-20) (Numbers 31:40) (Judges 11:29-40) (Isaiah 30:31-33). Yahavah said that he lights the fire of Topeth, which is where sacrifices to Molech happened (Isaiah 30:33; note aj). Topeth is the Valley of Ben-Hinnom (Jeremiah 19:6). Baal Ammon-Hammon, Molech, and Yahavah, had sacrifices in Topeth/Valley of Ben-Hinnom! They are also represented by the bull, or calf.
Molech might not be the name of a deity, but a title of Yahavah. Molech, spelled as "mlk," means "to rule as a king." It is to represent Yahweh is a "solar understanding of the deity" (Taylor, 1993, p. 202).
Stavrakopoulou (2013) said that human sacrifice to Molek (Molech) was actually to Yahweh (Abstract; pp. 153-154). Irwin (1999) also stated that Baal and Molech were probably the same deity, and the Molech ritual was a solar form of Yahweh worship (pp. 223-224). This supports my idea that the god of the Ammonites was Baal Ammon! Romer (2015) said that Melek (Molech) meant "king," and it was a title for Yaho. The human sacrifices were for Yaho, or "YHWH-Melek" (p. 137). Later writers of the Tanakh turned Molech into a separate deity, and separated him from Yahavah (p. 138). It looks like Baal/Moleck/Milcom were Jeu. In the commentary to Sanchoniatho's book, it has been stated that Baal and Molech were the same individual ([Rev. Cumberland, 1720, translation], pp. 113, 152, and 336). Both Yahweh and Milcom have been equated as being Cronus-Saturn-Baal Hammon, and human sacrifice was a part of Yahweh's religion (Stavrakopoulou and Barton, 2010, pp. 163-164). In Psalm 47:2 (NOG), Yahweh and Elyon are called Melek (Molech):
Anu was also called malik/Moloch (Ridpaph, 1890, Vol. 1 p. 133) (Palestine Exploration Fund, 1882, p. 88). Another name given to Anu is Anamelech (Ridpaph, 1890, Vol. 1 p. 133 note 1) (Seisenberger, 1911, p. 63), meaning "King Anu" (Seisenberger, 1911, p. 63). Chronos, Ouranus, Moloch, Milcorn (Milcom), Chemosh, Anu, Elion, and Brahma, were equated to being "an ancient and wrathful deity" who was "appeased by human sacrifice and worshiped at cairns of stone" (Palestine Exploration Fund, 1882, p. 88).
Knappert (1877) said that "The god of Israel was originally closely allied in character with the Canaanitish or Phoenician Molech." Yahweh "was worshipped in the likeness of a bull," which represented the "power of the sun, so mighty to destroy." Molech also had a "bull's head," and Astarte had bull horns too. Bull horns were also on Yahweh's altar, along with "twelve oxen which support the molten sea." The cherubs, which Yahweh rides on, "represent the heavy thunder-clouds which hide the Thunderer from the eyes of men." Ashera (Asherah) is "the female side of the beneficent sun god." The demonstrates that Yahweh was originally a sun god, and the design of Solomon's temple proved this (pp. 29-30). The laws of the Tanakh also prevent any other god that was worshipped by a rival group of people to be associated with Yahavah (Ex.: 1 Kings 11, Jeremiah 2:4-6, etc.) (Irwin, 1999, pp. 223-224). Despite that, it seems that the Hebrews, in both the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, saw Baal and Moloch/Milcolm as being the same individual as Yahavah (Irwin, 1999, pp. 221, 223-224).
In Sanchoniatho's Phoenician History, Elu-Cronus was the originator of human sacrifice. Elu sacrifices one of his sons to Ouranus as a "burnt-offering." This was done during times of hardship (like a plaque) ([Rev. Cumberland, 1720, translation], p. 37). In the commentary, Rev. Cumberland said that Phoenician princes would do this, especially to "appease avenging daemons" and ward off destruction (p. 37). In Genesis 22, Abraham was order by Yahavah to sacrifice Isaac. However, the angel of the LORD stops Abraham from doing so and tells Abraham to sacrifice a ram. However, in the E (Elohim) Source, Abraham does kill Isaac (Genesis 22 [Harwood, 2017 translation, pp. 16-17]). Since El Shadday is the god of demons, human sacrifice to him (or to his other aliases) was probably done to ward off his wrath.
According to a proposal by Niesiolowski-Spano (2013), the Jewish celebration of Passover probably replaced the "
molk-sacrifices." The original molk-sacrifices "used children," but the later Passover sacrifices used "animals" like lambs. The ritual was "moved from the
tophet into the Jerusalem Temple." Passover was "performed in the Jerusalem Temple and was closely related to the central cultic activity of the king." Surprisingly, Niesiolowski-Spano stated that Passover had "no connections" with the Exodus (p. 162):
The god of the Bible commanded human sacrifice in his worship. Molech means "king," and was a title primarily given to Enlil. He started the practice in the Phoenician religion, and he was represented by bull figurines. This matches the golden calf in Exodus 32:4. The golden calf wasn't an idol. It was, more than likely, the symbol of Enlil the god of Israel. Ultimately, Molech was a title given to Cronus-Saturn, and he had human sacrifice in his worship. Ea was called Molech in the Tanakh as well, which is fitting because Ea and Enlil were the same god.
Jesus said that his blood will be "poured out for many for forgiveness of sins." Jesus' spilled blood is the "blood of the covenant," (Matthew 26:26-28). This means that Jesus was killed so that the god of the Bible can forgive us. Sounds like a human sacrifice to me!
2.) Anuum (Assur-Bel-Dagan-Ninib):
God (Anu) with overflowing waters (Langdon, 1931 [1964 reprint], p. 95 Figure 48):
In the Mesopotamian religion, An, also spelled Anu and Anum is the god of the sky/heavens (
University of Pennsylvania, ORACC,
Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, An/Anu) (Bhattacharji, 1970 [2016 edition], p. 24) (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Anu, para. 1). The nam Anu-Ana originally meant "god," just like the names Il (El) and Ra did (Rawlinson, 1885, pp. 74-75) (Krul, 2018, p. 10), as well as "heaven" (Krul, 2018, p. 10). Anu-Anum was also the "God of Storms, Winds, and Waves" (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2020 edition], p. 58). Anu is the father of the gods, evil spirits, demons, and demonesses (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Anu, para. 1). Anu, also called Ouranos or Uranus, betrayed the god Alalu (the first god and "a god of the earth") to take over the throne (Bachvarova, 2013 [in Chavalas, 2013], p. 274)
(Livinstone, 2002, p. 89) (The Melammu Project, Kumarbi myth and Hesiod (1)) (Yasumura, 2011 [2013 edition], p. 77) (Thierens, 1935 [2024 edition], p. 47). This is the original betrayer god. In the Kumarbi myth, Anu is castrated by Kumarbi
(The Melammu Project, Kumarbi myth and Hesiod (1)) (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2020 edition], p. 58)
. In the Phoenician religion, Ouranus ("heaven") is the son of Elion and Beruth. He was later castrated by his son Elus/Ilus/Cronus (Sanchoniatho,
Phoenician History [Rev. Cumberland, 1720, translation], pp. 28-29, and 34). The name Alalu was also spelled as "Alala" (Cohen, 2021; in Kelly and Metcalf, 2021, p. 155) (Frayne and Stuckey, 2021, p. 11). On the
An = Anum list, Alala was equated to Anu (Litke, 1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3 pp. 22). So in a funny way, Anu-Uranus castrated himself.
Anu was represented by a horned crown and the bull (University of Pennsylvania, ORACC, Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, An-Anu) (Farbridge, 1923, p. 200), which indicated that he was a senior member of the pantheon. Enlil, Taru, Tessub, and Ilu, were also represented by the bull (Lewis, 2020, p. 154). Like El, "Ouranos was the procreative god" (Bhattacharji, 1970 [2016 edition], p. 24). This fits with him having the bull as his symbol. Nannar, "'the bull of Anu,'" represents the moon because the crescent moon "represents a bull's horns" (Farbridge, 1923, p. 200). The names Anum and Antum are associated with Enlil (Radau, 1904, pp. 92-93). and the moon god Sin is also associated with the name Anum (p. 92 note 4). Anu, and An, are Anum (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2020 edition], p. 58) (Beaulieu, 2018, p. 203). This would make Enlil, Anu-Anum, and Sin, moon gods. Anu's bull, also called "the Bull of Heaven," seems to have been an epithet of Anu originally before getting turned into a separate entity. Also, Antu/Antum is Anu's wife, who seems to have been (or "confused with") Inanna/Ishtar (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Anu, para. 2). Anu, the moon god Nabu, and the moon god Sin, are all the same god. Nabu is also associated with the crescent moon (Beaulieu, 2007 [in Heinz and Feldman, 2007], p. 152) (Beaulieu, 2018, pp. 203-204).
The names of Anu on the An = Anum list is Anuum and Antum (Litke, 1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3 pp. 22). Hommel (1897) said that Anu's name is "Num or Anum (shortened into Nu or Anu)," (p. 63). I'll go with the name Anuum. Smith (1876) said that Anu was Lahma-Lahmu and Sar-Assur (pp. 54-55, 65-66, and 68). On the An = Anum list, Ansar and Lahma (Lahmu) are equated to Anuum. On "the "Smaller An:Anuum" list, Ansar is equated to Enlil. This is on the tablet CT 24 49 K. 4349E:7 (Litke, 1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3 p. 21; note 8). This would make Anuum, Dagan, and Bel, the same god. In the L.W. King translation of the Enuma Elish, Ansar is the father of Anu (Enuma Elish [King, 2001 translation], Tablet 1 [p. 3]). Cook (1914) said that Ashur, the god of Assyria, was Zeus. He was called Zeus Assyrios. Ashur was represented being inside a solar winged disk or wheel. In the Tanakh, Yahavah said to Moses "I am that I am" (Exodus 3:14 [Interlinear]). The word "asher" apparently means "that" (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 834. asher), or is usually translated as "'who, that, which'" (Propp, 1998, endnote 3). However, Propp (1998) said that asher might be the name of the god Asher, also called Asshur, who is also Osiris. Asherah is the wife of Asher, just as Elah is Asherah's name when she is married to El. Therefore, Exodus 3:14 should be translated as "I am Asher, I am." Another interesting word in the Tanakh is ashrey, which is the "majestic dual of 'Asher" (endnote 3):
I'm guessing that ashrey means multiple individuals? If so, then perhaps Ashrey are to Asher what the Elohim are to El. They were individuals, most likely other deities, that served Asher. Albright (1925), whom Propp cites as well, said that the divinity (god) Asir is the god that the Assyrians named their city after ("Ausar-Assur"), and eventually became the name of the tribe of Aser. Asir is also Osiris, and Aserah-Asirat is originally "merely a variant of Asir" (p. 99). Dunlap (1894 [1898 edition]) said that Asar, or Isar, is Osiris and "Azar (Mars)." Asar must be Asir/Asher/Asshur. Dunlap also said that Asar is El and Saturn (p. 77). Harwood (2017) said that Exodus 3:14 should be "I am Osiris, I am":
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Farbridge (1923) said that Ansar meant "'Anu of the universe'," and Ansar was Ashur. Ashur "was the great war-god of Assyria." He was also a sun god "symbolized by a sun disk with wavy rays extending to the circumference of the disk," (pp. 200-201). Anuum, Assur, and Enlil, were all the same god. Anuum was also the god Osiris.
In the Greek religion, Uranus was the son and husband of Gaea. He is the father of "the Titans, the Cyclopes, and the Hecatoncheires" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Uranus, para. 1). Ouranos' name means "heaven," and in the Hindu religion he is called Varuna (Griswold, 1910, p. 31). Anu is also Varuna (Bhattacharji, 1970 [2016 edition], p. 24) (Lyle, 2012, p. 106 figure 9-1), which comes at no surprise to me. Interestingly, both Varuna and Ouranos/Worsanos were also rain deities (Griswold, 1910, p. 31) (West, 2007 [2008 edition], p. 137). Later on, Uranus is castrated by his son Cronus (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Uranus, para. 1).
Interestingly, the Uranus statue on the Pergamon Altar from the Pergamon Museum shows him with wings, which is similar to the Cronus statue by Ignaz Gunther (1765-1770) (Wikipedia). Photo belongs to Miguel Hermoso Cuesta:
Chronos by Ignaz Gunther (1765-1770) from the Bayerisches National Museum:
El (Enlil) also had wings (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, El, para. 2). Coins from Gebal picture El "with six wings, two pairs extended from the back in flight, and one pair below, drooping at rest," (Langdon, 1931 [1964 reprint], pp. 67-68). This is seen on a coin from 80 B.C. (p. 68 Figure 38) (Right):
The figure on the left is the goddess Astarte (p. 68).
Anuum is also "shown resting on a throne" (University of Pennsylvania, ORACC, Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, An/Anu). This sounds familiar to Eya, and Enlil, being seated deities.
Sanchoniatho also stated that Elus sacrificed one of his sons to Ouranus (Phoenician History [Rev. Cumberland, 1720, translation], p. 37). Uranus seems to have been associated with human sacrifice, just like Enlil was. Anu was also called malik/Moloch (Ridpaph, 1890, Vol. 1 p. 133) (Palestine Exploration Fund, 1882, p. 88). Another name given to Anu is Anamelech (Ridpaph, 1890, Vol. 1 p. 133 note 1) (Seisenberger, 1911, p. 63), meaning "King Anu" (Seisenberger, 1911, p. 63). Chronos, Ouranus, Moloch, Milcorn (Milcom), Chemosh, Anu, Elion, and Brahma, were equated to being "an ancient and wrathful deity" who was "appeased by human sacrifice and worshiped at cairns of stone" (Palestine Exploration Fund, 1882, p. 88).
In the Papyrus from Derveni, Ouranos, Kronos, and Zeus, were equated as being the same deity (Rusten, 1985 [in Bailey, 1985, Vol. 89], p. 135). Also in the papyrus, Ouranos is equated to the sun (p. 136). Anu is associated with the "sun's ecliptic," which is "'the way of Anu'" (Farbridge, 1923, p. 200). The sun's ecliptic is tracking the sun as it goes around the celestial sphere (Durham University, Department of Physics, User's Guide to the Night Sky, The Ecliptic: The Sun's Annual Path on the celestial Sphere, para. 1). Mushet (1837) said that "Ouranus Cronus, and Zeus, were the same person." The goddesses that they married were also the same person too (pp. 62-63). This would make Uranus a sun and moon god, and being the same deity as Cronus and Zeus.
The word Asura was originally an epithet of Varuna (as "Asura-Varuna"), but eventually they became the six Amesha Spentas of Ahura Mazda (Bhattacharji, 1970 [2016 edition], p. 24). Ahura Mazda is the "Supreme God of the Zoroastrians," and "is the president of the council of six ministers (sometimes seven), known as the Amesha Spentas" or "'Augmentative Immortals.'" There were three males, and three females. They were probably "aspects" or "personifications" of Ahura Mazda, or other "gods or archangels." Ahura Mazda "revealed himself to humans through the Amesha Spentas." Ahura Mazda's symbols was the "flames of fire," and he is depicted with wings (just like El, Cronus, and Uranus) (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2020 edition], pp. 28-29). Potts (1997) identified Anu with Ahura Mazda (p. 290). Krul (2018) said that Anu has been equated to Zeus before, but says that he would be "comparable with" Ahura Mazda "who seems to have been viewed as a sky god" (pp. 41-42). Ahura Mazda-Auramazda is Zeus under the name Zeus Oromasdes (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, p. 741) (Evelpidou et al., 2010, p. 347). Auramazda (or Ahura Mazda)-Zeus Oromasdes is pictured inside the same winged disk (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, pp. 207-208). The Anunnaki are the "high gods," and pantheon of the Sumerians. They are the offspring of Anu and Antu. Anu is also the father of "seven evil demons known as the Utukki" (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2013 edition], p. 59).
Uranus is the Archangel Uriel (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Uriel-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences). As stated previously, both Anuum-Uranus and Eya-Poseidon are the Archangel Uriel. In the Atrahasis, Ea warns Atrahasis to build a boat to survive the flood that Enlil brought upon the Earth (Dalley, 1998 translation [2000 edition], pp. 28-31). In 1 Enoch 6, the Archangel Uriel warns Noah to build the boat. Just like Anuum betrayed the first god Alulu, Ea killed the first god Apsu (Horowitz, 1998, pp. 109-111). Ouranos has been equated to Zeus under the name Zeus Ouranos (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, p. 8) (Thierry, 2015 [2016 edition; in Henry and Kelp, 2016], p. 649) (Canepa, 2018 [2020 edition], p. 191). Marks (2020) said that Anuum is Zeus as well, and is the father of Aphrodite, in the Iliad. Anuum is the father of Inanna (who is Aphrodite), which would equate Anuum to Zeus ([in Pache et al., 2020], Mythic Background). Rev. Fradenburgh said that Anuum was "the Assyrian Zeus" (Rev. Fradenburgh, 1893; in Whedon, 1883, p. 114). Interestingly, there was a goddess named Ge Chthonia, which may be the wife of Zeus Chthonios (Cook, 1914, Vol. 2, 1, pp. 668-669). Ge is Gaea, the mother and wife of Uranus (Encyclopaedia Brittanica, Gaia). Anuum is both Uranus, and Zeus.
There's another name for Uranus called Shamayim. The word means "Heaven," but it was also the individual that El sacrificed his son to. Both Shamayim's and Uranus' names mean "Heaven" (Falk, 1996, pp. 65-66). This was stated in Sanchoniatho's book too. Bible Hub says that shamayim means "heaven" and "sky," and it was used in Genesis 1:1 for heaven (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 8064. shamayim). This means that Uranus and Shamayim are the same individual. Another name for Shamayim is Elohim Shamayim, or Theos Ouranos. This means "God heaven," or "God in heaven." However, Elohim is plural (Hancke, 2014, p. 105), so it's actually "Gods in heaven." There is also an Elah Shamayin (Daniel 2:19 [Interlinear]) (Hancke, 2014, p. 35). Elah Shamayin means "God of Heaven" (Hancke, 2014, p. 35). Elah seems to be singular (Elliott, 1883, p. 46) (The Holy Bible [Hodder and Stoughton, 1896 edition], p. xxii) (Shehadeh, 2018, Vol. 1-2 pp. 95 and 97), so it seems that El and Shamayin (Uranus) are equated here. To my surprise, Shamayim, or Baal Shamayin, has been equated to Baal Haddu-Hadad-Adad-Bel-Belus (Smith, 1877, p. 1126) (Sommer, 2009, p. 24). Smith (1877) said that Shamayin is also Osiris, Adon-Adonis, Thammuz (Tammuz), Molech-Milcom, and Chemosh. These deities, along with Hadad, represented the sun and was worshipped by the Essenes and the "later kings of Judah" (p. 1126). Sommer (2009) said that, along with Baal Shamayin, "Baal of Mount Saphon," "Baal of Peor, Baal of Ugarit, Baal of Lebanon, and Baal of Sidon," were "local epithets of Hadad." Baal Malage was also Baal Shamayin (p. 24). This would make Uranus and Adad the same individual! As stated before, Adad has been equated to Zeus. Both El and Baal have been equated to Shamayin as well.
To my surprise, Anuum was an underworld deity as well. Other names for Ana (Anuum) are Oan/Oannes, Yan, and Hades-Pluto-Plutus-Dis. He was the "'king of the lower world,' the 'Lord of darkness' or 'death,' the 'ruler of the far-off city,' and the like." His city was Huruk/Ereck, which is Warka today. The city was a place where the Chaldeans buried their dead. He was also the "'lord of the earth' and of the 'mountains'" (Rawlinson, 1885, pp. 74-75) (Ridpaph, 1890, p. 133). As stated before, the epithet "lord of the earth" was also El's and Enki's/Poseidon's. In fact, Albright (1994) said that Anu was the Babylonian version of El (pp. 120 and 123), and both of them were married to Asherah (pp. 121 and 123). In his 1925 commentary to Aeschylus' play, Pryse said that Anuum was Zeus, Ea was Poseidon, and Bel (Enlil) was Plouton (Pluto) (Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound [Pryse, 1925 translation], p. 98). Another god equated to Anuum was Assur-Ansar. This deity was ruled by the Assyrians, and they made him the father of Anu when they were in Uruk (Ereck). However, Assur-Ansar was equated to being Anuum as well (Krul, 2018, pp. 14-15). In total, Anuum, Ea, Enlil, and Hades, were the same deity.
One of the symbols for Anuum is the Maltese Cross (Smith, 1876, p. 54) (Laughlin, 1900; in The Open Court, Vol. 14, p. 235) (Rev. Fradenburgh, 1893; in Whedon, 1883, p. 114). The Maltese cross was worn by Assyrian kings (Laughlin, 1900; in The Open Court, Vol. 14, p. 235). It was also the symbol of the Knights/Order of St. John (Gainesville.org, The Maltese Cross) (Sovereign Order of Malta, The Eight-Pointed Cross, para. 1), and it was used during the Crusades. It is currently used as a symbol for firefighters (Gainesville.org, The Maltese Cross). The cross has "eight points symbolizing the eight Beatitudes to Saint Matthew and the eight virtues that a member must possess," (Sovereign Order of Malta, The Eight-Pointed Cross, para. 4). Laughlin said that the "equilateral Pre-Christian cross" might've had a different origin from the crosses of other deities, but the four corners of the cross in general are for "mapping out thereby the four quarters of the universe" and "sun worship appears from the fact that the solar disk is frequently inserted in the four corners, to designate the rising sun, the midday sun, the setting sun, and the invisible sun in the realm of the dead," (Laughlin, 1900; in The Open Court, Vol. 14, pp. 235-237). As for the "equilateral cross with dots on its four corners," it was a symbol of Hathor (p. 237). In Greece, the cross was also "on the dresses of various deities, such as Aphrodite and Dionysos" (p. 239). It is said that Constantine saw the cross in the sky before his victory in the Battle of Milvian Bridge. This led him to "adopt Christian beliefs" (Ryan, 2022, para. 2, 4-6). This happened in Assyria too, and it represented "divine protection" (Laughlin, 1900; in The Open Court, Vol. 14, p. 235).
The Assyrian cross in the sky (left), and the Maltese Cross of Anuum on an Assyrian priest (right) (Laughlin, 1900; in
The Open Court, Vol. 14, p. 235):
Vision of the Cross (
Vatican Museums, Museums: Raphael's Rooms: Vision of the Cross):
Interestingly, while Anuum seems to be Uranus, other sources say that Anuum was Saturn. Talbott (1980) said that all of the Sumerian gods were actually Anu (p. 13), and most of the gods are actually Saturn. This includes Anuum, El (Enlil), Enki-Ea, Ninurta, and others (p. 28). Jensen (1890) said that Anuum was Saturn-Kronos, and the god Ninib (pp. 136-138 [German]). Anuum and Antum are both called Ninib, but this is supposedly a different Ninib that's equated to Ninurta (Litke, 1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3 p. 21; note 5). However, if Anuum is Cronus then he
is Ninurta. Ninurta, and Enlil, are equated to the number 50 (
Rollig, 1971, p. 500 [German]), and we know that Anuum is Enlil. Therefore, Ninib is both Anuum and Ninurta. I thought that the name Oan for Anuum equated him to Oannes, but Oannes-Uanna was actually a name for an Apkallu and not Anuum (Toorn et al., 1999, p. 73) (Kilmer, 1985; in Conrad and Newig, 1985, p. 40). In actuality, the name Oan, also spelled On (Inman, 1868, pp. 243-244) (Dunlap, 1856, p. 22), is a name of the sun. The names "Ar and On give Ur-an-os, or Our-an-os ('Heaven,' or Saturn, which is Seth-uran-us, the El-Shaddi, Sadi, Set, or Seth of Genesis, Seth-os, a king of Egypt); Sal-ernum (now Sal-er-no) is Sol-uranus." Adding the name "Ak" to "Ur-an-os, gives 'Ekron, whose god was Baal-zebub,' K-ron-os, 'the beaming sun,' a name of Saturn (Ak-Ar-On)," (Dunlap, 1856, p. 22). Uranus and Kronus are both Saturn!
Talbott (1980) said that all of the Sumerian gods were actually Anuum (p. 13). As stated before, Anuum was also called the "lord of the earth," (Rawlinson, 1885, p. 75), and "'the king of the lower world'," (Rawlinson, 1885, p. 74) (Ridpaph, 1890, p. 133). Ea was also called "lord of the earth (Enki)," and the "god of the lower region." Anuum was equated to Pluto (Rawlinson, 1885, pp. 74-75) (Ridpaph, 1890, p. 133). Hea (Ea) was the ruler of Hades/Hell (Smith, 1876, p. 57), just like Hades/Pluto is. The place Hades is Sheol in the Greek translation of the Tanakh (Septuagint translation), and the god Hades-Pluto was also equated to Zeus (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Hades). Hea was also the "lord of [...] treasures" (Smith, 1876, p. 57). Ana (Anuum) "is 'the layer-up of treasures'" (Rawlinson, 1885, p. 75). Ea ruled the Apsu. Anuum "governed heaven from his throne in the cosmic sea Apsu" (Talbott, 1980, p. 13). Hea was equated to Cronus. Anuum was also equated to Cronus (Talbott, 1980, p. 28) (Jensen, 1890, pp. 136-138 [German]) (Dunlap, 1856, p. 22). In actuality, Ea and Anuum were the same deity. They're basically identical with each other. Anu was also equated to El-Enlil (Albright, 1994, pp. 120 and 123) (Talbott, 1980, p. 28).
Finally, Anuum was equated to the number 60 (University of Pennsylvania, ORACC, Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, An/Anu: Name and Spellings: Written forms) (Rollig, 1971, p. 500 [German]). Parpola (1993) said that Anu was equated to the number 1, and that Rollig was wrong in equating Anu to 60 (pp. 182-184). Toorn (1999) said that Anu was 1 (in Toorn et al., 1999, p. 842). Berlejung (2021) said that the number 60 was given to Anu during the Seleucid, and Parthian, periods of Uruk (Erech) (pp. 178 and 208). Ea was equated to 60 as well (University of Pennsylvania, ORACC,
Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, Enki/Ea: Name and spellings: Written forms) (Rollig, 1971, p. 500 [German]) (Parpola, 1993, p. 182 notes 87-88) (Toorn, 1999; in Toorn et al., 1999, p. 842). Ea and Anuum are the same individual! Therefore, all three deities: Ea, Enlil, and Annum, are the same god! In fact, you could say that Anuum, Enlil, and Enki, were Ea's trinity. This also helps to explain how, in another sense, Enlil-Marduk (number 50) is the "son" of Ea-Anuum (number 60).
Anu is d60 (or just 60) (University of Pennsylvania, ORACC, Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, An/Anu: Name and Spellings: Written forms):
Ea-Enki is d40 and d60 (or just 40 and 60) (
University of Pennsylvania, ORACC,
Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, Enki/Ea: Name and Spellings: Written forms):
Looks like the "disease-demons" of Enlil, and the "seven daughters" of "fates" of Anuum, mentioned in Spencer (1916 [2010 edition]), served Ea too. One demon deity controlled all the demons, and fates! This also makes the other Sumerian gods different aspects of Ea!
As shown above, Langdon (1931 [1964 reprint]) shows a god (center) surrounded by other individuals. The god has an overflowing vase with two rivers flowing out of it. The water is going into the animal that represents Capricorn. There is a stream of water coming out of the god (from behind), and it is going into the animal representing Aquarius. Langdon identifies the god as Anuum, and said that Aquarius "belongs to the 'way' of Anu," (p. 95; Figure 48; p. 96). The "Springs and Rivers" god with the overflowing vase, usually equated to Enki-Ea, holds "The bread and water of eternal life." The bread and water are held by Anu "in the highest Heaven (p. 95). Langdon said that "the vase of overflowing water, often with a plant springing from it, belongs to the god who is throned in high Heaven." This god would be Anuum (pp. 95-96). Aquarius is the second astrological sign (first being Capricorn) of the Archangel Cassiel, the archangel of Saturn (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Cassiel-Angelic and Planetary Symbols).
Anuum was represented as the god holding the overflowing vase, just like Ea, Enlil, and Ninurta. The Aquarius symbol equates Anuum to the Archangel Cassiel. Anuum is Saturn after all.
3.) Adad-Shamash-Nusku (Bel-Samas-Nusku-Bel):
Baal statue (AO 11598) (Louvre Collections, Figurine: AO 11598):
The god "Adad" was the "weather god of Babylon and Assyrian pantheon." Adad, also called Hadad and Ishkur, was also called Baal (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Adad, para. 1) (Fant and Reddish, 2008, pp. 81-82) (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2013 and 2021 editions], pp. 13 and 168). Adad was probably an Amorite god that was "brought into Mesopotamia toward the end of the 3rd millennium BC." His sacred animals are "The bull and the lion," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Adad). Adad has been equated to Enlil (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2020 edition], p. 168). Baal Adad-Hadad was "possibly the same as Bel (Enlil), Ea, Hadad, Ishkur, Jashar, Marduk, Riummon, Yahveh (Yahavah), and Zeus." Adad was also called "Ilhallubu (Babylonian), Ilumarru (Akkadian), Iluwir," among other names (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2013 and 2021 editions], pp. 13 and 168). Statues of Baal represent him as a "youthful" deity, standing up in a "smiting god" pose, with his right arm raised carrying a weapon. This is from Egyptian inspiration, along with the conical hat (The Met Museum, Enthroned deity, para. 2). Baal's right hand also released lightning (Fant and Reddish, 2008, p. 81). There are two representations of Baal, from Fant and Reddish (2008), that showcase this pose. The first is a limestone stela catalogued as AO 15775 (15th-13th century BC), and a statuette catalogued as AO 11598 (pp. 81-83). The limestone stela of Baal looks very similar to the bull spirit/demon stone figure from Sargon 2nd's palace. Baal has a "conical headdress with two horns protruding from the front," and a "dagger stuck to his waistband" (p. 81). The Cultic stele (9th-8th century B.C.) in the Israel Museum, Jerusalem, which might've been the god Hadad, also has "a sword" (or dagger) on its waist (Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Explore the Collection, Cultic stele):
Baal limestone stela AO 15775 (Fant and Reddish, 2008, p. 82 Figure 22):
Baal figure AO 11598 (Fant and Reddish, 2008, p. 83 Figure 23):
I think the Cultic stele figure was actually Adad, especially with the dagger at its waist.
Fant and Reddish (2008) said that "some of" El's and Baal's "descriptions or epithets" have been used for Yahweh (p. 87). Hadad was also called Addu, and Seth. Both Hadad, Yahweh, and El, used the bull as their symbol. This represent solar power and the storm. In Southern Arabia, El's name was used instead of Baal's (Smith, 1927, Vol. 1, pp. 532-533).
According to Teixidor (1977 [2015 edition]), Poseidon was called El-Creator-of-the-Earth, Ea ("a-a-s"), El, and Baal Saphon (pp. 42-43). Albright (1994) said that "the principal form of Baal at Ugarit was Baal-saphon," and that he reigned on Mount Saphon while also having "a palace or temple in heaven." Baal Saphon "was the marine storm-god par excellence, like Greek Poseidon." Baal Saphon was the "Lord of the North," and "lord of the northern storms," (p. 127). Baal Saphon was also Baal Adad, and Adad "lived on Mount Sapon (Zaphon, Saphon)," (Sibley, 2009, p. 45). Baal Adad was called Baal Hadad in Ugarit, and Hadad lived on Mount Saphon (Ford, 2016, p. 190). Miller and Brandon (2014) said that Baal Adad-Hadad was the god of Mount Saphon, and was equated to Zeus (pp. 16 and 18). Rev. McClatchie (1876) said that Adad was Zeus/Jupiter, according to Macrobius (in The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal, 1876, Vol. 7 p. 3). According to Dowden (2006), Adad-Hadad was called "Zeus Adados" in Greece. "The Syrian Zeus-Adad" was worshipped in "Hierapolis (Bambyce)," (p. 107).
Zeus statue from Staatiliche Museen zu Berlin (5th century B.C.) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Zeus):
Zeus is also shown in this "smiting god" pose too, and how fitting is it to know that Zeus is Adad as well.
Along with Baal Saphon, other names for Adad are "Baal Shamayin or Baal Shamen [or Baal of Heaven]," "Baal of Peor, Baal of Ugarit, Baal of Lebanon, and Baal of Sidon," were "local epithets of Hadad." Baal Malage was also Baal Shamayin (Sommer, 2009, p. 24). As noted before, Shamayin is Uranus and Saphon is Poseidon. This would make Adad-Zeus, Uranus, and Poseidon, the same god. Brocklesby (1706) said that Adad was the sun, Saturn, Heaven, and Uranus. He also seems to have been equated to "Chemosh and Baal-peor, the Egyptians Osiris and Jupiter-Ammon," (p. 109). Adad was both Uranus, Saturn, and Jupiter. Although Baal and Zeus were originally one god, they were split into different personas. According to Professor Muller, this was due to "the influence of local worship," (Rev. McClatchie, 1876; in The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal, 1876, Vol. 7 p. 3).
Shamash and humans from The Sun God Tablet (
British Museum, Tablet [The Sun God Tablet]):
On the An = Anum list, Samas and Adad are equated as being the same god (Litke, 1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3 p. 147). Both Adad and Samas were equated to the number 10 (Rollig, 1971, p. 499 [German]) (Parpola, 1993, p. 182 note 87). Samas, also spelled as Shamas (Ridpaph, 1890, Vol. 1 p. 135 note 1) or Shamash and Utu (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Shamash), was the sun god represented by "the circle," and the "lord of daylight." The "circle" seems to have been "a disk that symbolized the sun." Inside the disk is a four-pointed star on top of a wavy "x." Interestingly, Samas was called Adrammelech (Ridpaph, 1890, Vol. 1 p. 135) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Shamash, para. 1 and 3) (British Museum, Tablet [The Sun God Tablet], Description). It seems that Samas was Molech as well. Being "the solar deity," Shamash exorcised "light over darkness and evil." He is also credited with giving the "Babylonian king Hammurabi" laws (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Shamash, para. 2). This fits with Shamash being "the god of justice but also governor of the whole universe." Shamash made up a trinity comprised of Sin-Nanna, and Ishtar-Inanna (para. 1).
Taylor (1993) said that solar worship was conducted by the Israelites (Synopsis; Ch. 1, Introduction, p. 19). Archaeological evidence includes sun emblems with "lmlk" on Judean jar handles. The emblems are a sun disk with two wings, and a "four-winged scarab." In the
Tanakh, Yahavah is called "semes," which means "sun." This is in Psalm 84 (p. 20). Taylor believes that there is a close relationship between Yahavah and the sun, even so that Yahavah might even have been the sun itself (p. 22). Psalm 84:11 states that "the LORD God is a sun and a shield." Massey (1907) said that IHUH (Yhvh/Yahavah) was a solar god (Vol. 1 p. 499). Semes is equated to the word Samas, and they both mean "the sun," (Rev. Lias, 1912; in
The Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute, Vol. XLIV [44] p. 307). The Hebrew spelling of the name "Shamas" is "Shemesh" (Robertson, 1917, p. 249). In the interlinear translation of Psalm 84:11, the Jewish name for sun is "semes" and Yahavah Elohim is equated to it:
Semes is also spelled "shemesh," and it is the sun (
Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 8121. shemesh, Strong's Concordance):
Ea is Adad-Samas.
According to Professor Hommel, Ea is equated to Sin "'in the Journey of Ishtar to Hades'." Ea-Sin is the father of Shamash in the story. The names of Sin and Ea "'are interchangeable terms'," (Margoliouth, 1868; in The Contemporary Review, Vol. 74 p. 585) (Hommel, 1897, p. 65). Hommel also said that "Merodack (Marduk), the Morning Sun, was the son of Ea; here Samas, the Sun, is the son of Sin." Ishtar is the daughter of Ea and Sin, and the sister-wife of Marduk (pp. 65-66). In other words, Marduk-Samas is weeping for his sister-wife Ishtar with his father Ea-Sin. Both Marduk, and Adad, were equated to Zeus as well. All of this would make Adad-Samas, and Marduk, the same god.
Shamash was equated to Saturn (Talbott, 1980, pp. 33 and 45). Both Shamash, Tammuz, and El, are positioned "within the mouth of," or "'at the sources of'," Two Rivers (p. 210). Interestingly, in the Codex Bobiensis, a third-to-fifth-century copy of the Gospel of Mark, Jesus called out to the god Helios (and "'Helion' [god of the sun]") while on the cross (Moss, 2020, para. 1-3). The god "Jove (Zeus)" was also used in the codex as well (para. 4). Helios was "the sun god, sometimes called a Titan," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Helios, para. 1). "Helios (or Sol, or Shamash)," was equated to Yahweh (Novenson, 2020; in Novenson, 2020, p. 46). Zeus has also been equated to Helios, as "Zeus Helios," whose religion was widespread "in the Orient," (Stone, 2001 [2022 edition], Vol. 2 p. 127). Sol is the Roman sun god that was equated to Helios (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Sol, para. 1). Dunlap (1894) said that El was "Hael (Hel), the Greek Aelios and Helios," (p. 5). He was also Bel/Belitan, "the Old Bel," and was Kronos in Greece and Saturn in Rome. Bel/Belitan "must have originally been the Sun-god of the Semites for, in the priestly doctrines, he was held to be Sol and Saturn also," (pp. 208-209). El was also "Elios, Helios, and Iahoh," (p. 262 note 2). Parsons (1895) said that there was no "H" in front of the name Elios originally in Greek (pp. 88). He also said that El "was an appellation of the Sun-God," (pp. 87 and 127). The gods Iao, Bacchus, and "Elios (Helios)," and the sun, were all equated (p. 127). de Jassy (1908) said that El/Elu was Helios and Sol (in Carus, 1908, Vol. 18 pp. 130-131). Adad-Samas, Enlil, and Saturn, are the same god. This makes sense since Enlil, and Marduk, are the same god as well.
The gods Nusku and Gibil (or Girru) were equated to the number 10, like Adad-Samas (Rollig, 1971, p. 499 [German]) (Parpola, 1993, p. 182 note 87) (Toorn, 1999; in Toorn et al., 1999, p. 842). Nusku, Shamash, and Adad, are the same god.
4.) Sin:
The Moon (
NASA Science Space Place, All About the Moon):
Sin is "the god of the moon" in the "Mesopotamian religion." His "Sumerian name" is "Nanna." Sin is the father of Shamash-Utu, and sometimes Ishtar-Inanna. sin originally was represented by the full moon, but then later as the crescent moon. The crescent moon represented "the horns of a great bull," which coincides with Nanna being "intimately connected with the cattle herds that were the livelihood of the people in the marshes of the Euphrates River, where the cult developed." Nanna's cult city was Ur. As for his looks, "Sin was represented as an old man with a flowing beard-a wise an unfathomable god-wearing a headdress of four horns surmounted by a crescent moon," (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Sin).
Margoliouth (1868) stated that, despite Ea being a third wheel in his triad, he retained a dominant role in the Sin/Nannar religion. This is because the moon god Sin-Nannar was Ea! Sin was the god of "Uru (Ur of the Chaldees in Chaldea)," and he was called "Nannar (the Glorious)" in "Haran in Northern Mesopotamia," (in The Contemporary Review, Vol. 74 pp. 582-584). Sin is also the most "human-looking" god in "Babylonain and Assyrian art," which may harken back to the "man was created in God's own image and likeness" in Genesis (p. 591). Sin's worshippers called him the supreme god, which was an "ancient faith." One hymn called Sin-Nannar the "lord of the hosts of heaven," "Master of the earth... father, begotten of gods and men," among other things (p. 583). According to Professor Hommel, Ea is equated to Sin "'in the Journey of Ishtar to Hades'." Ea-Sin is the father of Shamash in the story. The names of Sin and Ea "'are interchangeable terms'," (p. 585) (Hommel, 1897, p. 65). Hommel also said that "Merodack (Marduk), the Morning Sun, was the son of Ea; here Samas, the Sun, is the son of Sin." Ishtar is the daughter of Ea and Sin, and the sister-wife of Marduk (pp. 65-66). In other words, Marduk-Samas is weeping for his sister-wife Ishtar with his father Ea-Sin. Margoliouth also said that Ea, Sin-Nannar, and the god Aa-Ya, are El Elyon and Yahweh (Yahavah) (Margoliouth, 1868; in The Contemporary Review, Vol. 74 pp. 586-589).
Albright (1919) said that "Enki is represented as riding in Nannar's boat." He also states that "The waters of Enki are derived from Nannar's reservoir without inconsistency, because Nannar is only a form of Ea, after all," (in Montgomery and Edgerton, 1919, Vol. 30 p. 77).
It's been stated before that Ea, being represented by the bull, makes him a moon god. Bois (2010) said that "Enlil and Enki are probably variations of the same god (Ea)" (p. 363 note 370). Bois also says that Enki was '''The Savage Bull of Sky and Earth,'" and Enllil was called "the Wild Ox that destroys through hurricane and flood." Enki, as a result, "must sometimes be a lunar god." The bull was also a symbol of the solar god and the sun (p. 363; note 370). This would make both Enlil and Enki sun gods.
Bois (2010) (P. 363 [Enki as the "Savage Bull"]):
P. 363 note 370 (Enlil and Enki were the same god called Ea; Enllil was "The Wild Ox"):
There also seems to be a relationship between Sin and Sinai. Sinai is the mountain where Yahavah gave Moses the Ten Commandments (Exodus 24:12-18). Knohl (2010) said that in Psalm 68:9, the phrase "'God, he is Sinai,'" is given. He concludes that, along with other examples, "'Sinai' is one of the names of God." Both "'Sin' and 'Sinai' appear in close proximity in the Torah." Sin's city, Haran, is "whence, according to biblical tradition, where the patriarchs originated," (p. 86). This is actually in Psalm 68:8 (NIV, ESV, BSV, and CSV). Natan (2006) quotes Encyclopaedia Britannica, stating that "The name Sinai" is "derived from the original name [...] of the moon-god Sin," (Vol. 1 p. 337). Rev. Sayce (1897) said that "Sinai and Sin alike derived their names from Sin, the moon-god of Babylonia," (p. 188). Hart (2005) said that the Egyptian moon god Iah probably originated from the Hyksos who immigrated into Egypt. They "may well have looked for a lunar deity analogous to the Akkadian moon-god Sin who had an important temple at Haran in north Syria." Sin was described "as a 'young bull... with strong horns' (i.e. the tips of the crescent moon)." An "Egyptian equivalent of the epithet" is probably "Kamose ('the bull is born')," (p. 77). Farbridge (1923) said that Nannar has been described "as the 'bull of Anu'," (p. 200). In Psalm 81, the trumpet is blown "at the new moon" on the "feast day" of Israel. It was "a statute for Israel," and "An ordinance of the God of Jacob," (Psalm 81:3-4). The "new moon," or "new moon feast," in mentioned in 1 Samuel 20:5, 18, and 24 (NASB and NIV). Iao is a demon represented by the moon in the Gnostic Phibionite religion (Epiphaneus, Panarion [Williams, 2009 translation], Book 1 Section 2 Number 26. 10.1-10.3 [P. 98]) (Litwa, 2019, p. 32).
Sin and Ea are the same god. This also makes Ea the moon god, and the father of Samas and Ishtar. This coincides with Anuum being the father of Ishtar, and Zeus being the father of Aphrodite, as stated above.
5.) Nabu:
The planet Mercury (
NASA, Mercury):
Nabu, also called Nebu, is the "patron of the art of writing and a god of vegetation." His "symbols were the clay tablet and the stylus." His father is Marduk (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Nabu, para. 1-2). Jastrow, Jr., (1898) said that "The similarity of the roles of Nabu and Ea, as gods of wisdom and the arts, might easily have led to a confusion." However, the titles given to Nabu kept him separate from Ea (Vol. 1 pp. 230-231). This is interesting, considering that Ea was equated to Nabu in personal names (Pinches, 1902, p. 59). Nabu and Sin were "closely associated," especially since the two gods were "a giver of oracles," (Green, 2015, p. 33). However, Nabu remained as a servant to the moon god (p. 70). Nabu's name is in personal names, like Nebuchadnessar (p. 34). Aside from being Marduk-Bel's son, Nebu is equated to the gods Hermes, Thoth, Hoshang, Apollo, Orpheus, and "Enoch or Idris." Nabu's planet is Mercury (p. 71). Bertman (2003 [2005 edition]) said that Nabu was the son of Marduk, and was equated to "the Greek god of prophesy and the arts, Apollo," (p. 122).
Nabu was equated to the number 40 (Parpola, 1993, p. 183 Figure 9) (Toorn, 1999; in Toorn et al., 1999, p. 892). Ea, and Ninurta, were also equated to 40 (Rollig, 1971, p. 500 [German]) (Parpola, 1993, p. 182 notes 87-88) (Toorn, 1999; in Toorn et al., 1999, p. 892) (University of Pennsylvania, ORACC, Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, Enki/Ea). This makes Nabu, Ea, and Ninurta, the same god.
6.) Nergal:
The planet Mars (Billings and Mirsky, 2018):
Nergal is a god of the underworld, fire, "pestilence, hunger, and devastation." He married the goddess of the underworld, "Ereshkigal (or Allatum)." Despite this scary persona, he was also benevolent to mankind as well (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Nergal, para. 1-2). Long (1987 [2015 edition]) said that Nergal was Ares (p. 151 note 43):
Ares, the "god of war" in Greece, was called Mars in Rome (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ares, para. 1). Jensen (1890) said that Nirgal (Nergal) was equated to the planet Mars (p. 135 [German]). Langdon (1909) said that Nergal was equated to the planet Mars (p. 168).
Interestingly, in religious poetry from Mesopotamia, Nergal was called Enlilbanda ("'junior Enlil'"), just like Nudimmud-Enki (Metcalf, 2015, pp. 47-48). Jacob (2005) also stated that Nergal and Enki were called Enlilbanda (p. 182), and said that Nergal and Enki were the same god (pp. 165, 175, and 181). This would make Nergal, Ea, and Enlil, the same god.
7.) Ishtar:
Ishtar-Inanna standing on the back of a lion on the Seal, Cylinder A27903 (Akkadian period) (University of Chicago, Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures West Africa and North Africa, Seal, Cylinder [A27903]):
Now, we have to talk about the goddess. I originally thought that the goddesses, or most of them, of every pantheon were benevolent. However, that is wrong. The god, and the goddess, are the same individual. Or, as I like to think of it, the gods and goddesses of every pantheon are the spirit (god) and soul (goddess) of the demon deity. To use Dunlap (1894 [1898 edition]) as a case and point, who in tern quotes de Rouge, Maspero, and Pierret, polytheists were actually monotheists. Different deities were actually multiple versions, or clones, of one single deity (p. 208):
W.E.C. (1838) stated that "we have the testimony of Porphyry, Anaxagoras, and other heathens, that the names of the heathen gods and goddesses are but different designations of the same deity under various characters," (in The Christian Remembrancer, Vol. 20, p. 604 notes):
Kavanagh (1871) said that various gods and goddesses had both sexes or genders. Jupiter, Bacchus (Dionysus), Venus-Aphrodite, and other deities, were both male and female. Heck, "Jupiter was both male and female, not only the father but also the mother of the gods." Hesychius Servisu said that the "Cyprus Venus is represented with a beard, and called Aphrodite," (Vol. 1, p. 19). The male Aphrodite from Cyprus was also called "deus Venus," (Schaff et al., 1882, Vol. 1 p. 159). All the gods and goddesses of every religion are actually one being!
Aphrodite was called the "Genetrix, the creative element of the world." She also has characteristics similar to Ishtar, and is called Venus in the Roman pantheon (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aphrodite, para. 1-2, and 4). (para. 2). Ishtar, also called Inanna, is represented by the planet Venus (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ishtar; para. 2). Aphrodite and Ishtar were associated with the planet Venus, and was the Archangel Anael (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Anael-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences). On the An = Anum list, Inanna is equated to Ishtar (Litke, 1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3 pp. 147-148). I'll call her Ishtar for now on.
Yahweh was Asherah's consort (Feldt, 2007, pp. 87 and 90). Archeology tells us that Asherah was worshipped by the Israelites, and Her clay figurines were used to worship Her, in particular by Israelite women (pp. 117 and 92; p. 90 and Figure 2). Dever (2005) stated that two inscriptions, from Kh. el-Qom and Kuntillet Ajrud, equate the two gods as being a couple. The inscriptions say "Yahweh and his Asherah," (pp. 43, 162-163, 196, 198, and 202). Then, Asherah was removed by Yahweh's followers (p. 215). Ide (1991) said that Yahweh divorced Asherah, and instructed the Israelites to get rid of anything related to her (Ide, 1991, pp. 33 and 92). Asherah was the goddess of the tribe of Asher, one of the twelve tribes of Israel (Fast, 1938 [2011 edition], p. 10). She was the first goddess to have been worshipped by Israel (Patai, 1968, p. 29). Bread was used in worshipping her, along with cakes, water, and oil (Feldt, 2007, p. 98).
Asherah figurine drawing (Feldt, 2007, p. 90 Figure 2):
Asherah figurine ("Nude female figure") (MET Museum, Nude female figure) (Also mentioned in Patai, 1968 as being Asherah [p. 65 Figure 1]):
Asherah had Her own Trinity. It consisted of Qudshu/Qadesh, Astarte, and Anat, and comes from the Triple Goddess Stone from Egypt (Picknett and Prince, 2019, pp. 161-162) (Irwin, 1999, p. 220). Qadesh is Asherah (Picknett and Prince, 2019, p. 161). This would make Asherah, Astarte, and Anat, the same deity. Astarte was a moon goddess (Wright, 1901, p. 448), and was blended with Anat to become the goddess Atargatis (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Anath, para. 3). Anat was worshipped alongside YHW (Yahav) in Elephantine, and was likely Yahweh's (Yahavah) consort (Cornell, 2019, para. 4-5) (Mondriann, 2013, pp. 537 and 550) (Langdon, 1931 [1964 reprint], p. 44). Anat was also called "'the Virgin,'" and was the "goddess of love and war" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Anath, para. 1-2). Interestingly, Athena was also the "goddess of war," and "virginity was attributed to her very early," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Athena, para. 1 and 3). I think Anat and Athena might be the same goddess. Asherah was also called "Elat." Elat is the female version of the masculine name "El" (Feldt, 2007, p. 96) (Ide, 1991, p. 33).
Triple Goddess Stone from Egypt depicting Qudshu/Qadesh (Edwards, 1955; retrieved from Wikipedia):
A coin from "the Persian period" of Gaza depicts Yahavah and Astarte-Anat together (called "'Ashtart-Yaw" by Langdon) (Langdon, 1931 [1964 reprint], p. 44 Figure 24):
Astarte-Anat (Asherah) was definitely Yahavah's consort.
Aphrodite was stated to have been Atirat-Athirat-Asherah (Duke, 1971, p. 324 note 28) (Natan-Yulzary, 2020, p. 131). Asherah is equated to Venus (Dunlap, 1894, p. 75) (Massey, 1883, Vol. 2 p. 296). This means that Asherah, and Ishtar, the same individual.
Ishtar was Inanna, Asherah, and Aphrodite. Asherah was the goddess worshipped by the Hebrews. She also has her own trinity (Asherah-Qudshu, Astarte, and Anat). Her planet was Venus. Finally, she was the female version of El (Enlil) as Elat. The goddess could also be male, and the god could also be female. This supports the fact that the god, and goddess, were the same individual. The demon deity is both male, and female.
8.) Conclusion:
Ea was the Saturn of the Middle East. He is the god of the Bible, and the Qur'an.
Links:
Langdon (1931 [1964 reprint]) (P. 43):
https://archive.org/details/MythologyOfAllRacesVolume5/page/n59/mode/2up?q=Yahweh
Hulster. n.d. What Did Yahweh Look Like? Bible Odyssey:
https://www.bibleodyssey.org/passages/related-articles/what-did-yahweh-look-like/
Stripling et al., (2023):
https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-023-00920-9
Ortlepp (2010) (P. 41):
https://books.google.com/books?id=k9JEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41&dq=mesha+stele+tetragrammaton&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia8sTZtI-BAxWbMlkFHbL9ANkQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=mesha%20stele%20tetragrammaton&f=false
Biblical Archeological Society. 2013. Biblical Artifacts Found Outside the Trench: The Moabite Stone:
https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-artifacts/artifacts-and-the-bible/moabite-stone-mesha-stele/
Drummond (2023):
https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-artifacts/inscriptions/the-history-of-the-tetragrammaton/
Fleming (2020):
https://books.google.com/books?id=cfwAEAAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gbs_navlinks_s
-Ch. 2 (First para.):
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/yahweh-before-israel/yhw-of-shasuland/119116DC7806AE299828B5D58EA06539
Kennedy (2019):
https://escholarship.org/content/qt07x6659z/qt07x6659z_noSplash_b41d2cc59a80dd132c3838e7ec75c0f8.pdf?t=q2zg3k
Najovits (2003) (P. 198):
https://books.google.com/books?id=UrR848g3gp8C&pg=PA198&dq=shasu+of+yhw&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi576v8xI-BAxXNlYkEHcOEDfgQ6AF6BAgLEAI#v=onepage&q=shasu%20of%20yhw&f=false
Murdock (2014) (P. 186):
https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZWPAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186&dq=shasu+of+yhw&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi576v8xI-BAxXNlYkEHcOEDfgQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=shasu%20of%20yhw&f=false
Peust (1999) (p. 127) (in Gottingen, 1999):
https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/peust1999/0127/image,info
Hart (2005) (P. 77):
https://books.google.com/books?id=0L83uBijeZwC&pg=PA77&dq=iah+egyptian+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiZkIjt97v9AhX9LFkFHV1zBRQQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=iah%20egyptian%20god&f=false
Massey (1907 [2013 edition]) (Vol. 1, p. 501):
https://books.google.com/books?id=QcBYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA501&dq=iah+egyptian+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiZkIjt97v9AhX9LFkFHV1zBRQQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=iah%20egyptian%20god&f=false
-(V2) Vol. 1, pp. 498-499):
https://books.google.com/books?id=3k4XAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA498&dq=Atum+IHUH&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwim_pXZ54mCAxXwD1kFHUR9AuQQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Atum%20IHUH&f=false
Karnas (2020):
https://books.google.com/books?id=ELUOEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=72+demons+of+YHWH&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ov2=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnvaatlLz_AhUYFlkFHXiZD_IQ6AF6BAgDEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false
Clarke (2005) (Ch. 2: Gods of the Individuation Process in Egypt):
https://books.google.com/books?id=99l_P7uGCiQC&pg=PT433&dq=how+to+pronounce+WH+in+egyptian&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7l-jV7bCBAxWqGVkFHUE0BK4Q6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=how%20to%20pronounce%20WH%20in%20egyptian&f=false
Parke-Taylor (1975 [2006 edition]) (P. 49):
https://books.google.com/books?id=XZhkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49&dq=yah+egyptian+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9oo726rCBAxUhGFkFHcnOCEYQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=yah%20egyptian%20god&f=false
Garcia-Fernandez (2017):
https://www.academia.edu/40760080/The_Moon_god_Iah_in_ancient_Egyptian_religion
Biglino (2013) (P. 63):
https://archive.org/details/MauroBiglinoTheBookThatWillForeverChangeOurIdeasAboutTheBible2013/page/n61/mode/1up?view=theater&q=Yahu
Shuster (2018):
https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2018-02-22/ty-article-magazine/prophet-isaiahs-seal-mark-may-have-been-found-in-jerusalem/0000017f-f41f-d887-a7ff-fcfffdd30000
Hen (2021):
https://d-nb.info/1258383969/34
Tice (1997 [2007 edition]):
https://books.google.com/books?id=GYmubiLkrncC&printsec=frontcover&dq=jehovah+the+devil&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNzLXQxaz1AhV0onIEHRMrD4w4ChDoAXoECAMQAw
-V2:
https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=GYmubiLkrncC&printsec=frontcover&lr=&num=20&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=2#v=snippet&q=Jesus&f=false
The Apocryphon of John:
https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/nag_hammadi/apocjn.htm
Jewish Virtual Library. Samael:
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/samael
Exodus 3:14 (NASB):
https://biblehub.com/nasb_/exodus/3.htm
1 Samuel 4:
-BSB:
https://biblehub.com/bsb/1_samuel/4.htm
-NASB:
https://biblehub.com/nasb_/1_samuel/4.htm
Zechariah 13 (NAS):
https://biblehub.com/nasb_/zechariah/13.htm
Jeremiah 1 footnote a (NASB):
https://biblehub.com/nasb_/jeremiah/1.htm#fn
Bible Hub. Strong's Hebrew. 3068. Yhvh ("Yehovah"):
https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3068.htm
Bible Hub. Strong’s Hebrew. 3069. Yhvh (“Yehoveh”):
https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3069.htm
Budge (1920 [2010 edition]):
https://books.google.com/books?id=_QjVv4s-I0oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Egyptian+plant+hieroglyphs+alphabet&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy-Ijpp8aCAxXSFlkFHSCxASgQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false
Frazer (2012) (PP. 64, 69-70, and 81 [Extra on p. 90]):
https://books.google.com/books?id=dd1OAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=letter+y+in+egyptian+hieroglyphics&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwis2YaOuMaCAxUstokEHUOJDp8Q6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=letter%20y%20in%20egyptian%20hieroglyphics&f=false
Glassgolife. How to read Egyptian hieroglyphs
https://www.glasgowlife.org.uk/media/jsddgccz/translating-hieroglyphs.pdf
Egyptian Hieroglyphs. Lesson 1:
https://www.egyptianhieroglyphs.net/egyptian-hieroglyphs/lesson-1/
Zauzich and Roth (2010) (P. 10):
https://books.google.com/books?id=g1XY9SRP29YC&pg=PA10&dq=how+to+pronounce+3+glottal+stop+in+egyptian&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwilj9D7-MaCAxW8EVkFHesaDawQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=how%20to%20pronounce%203%20glottal%20stop%20in%20egyptian&f=fals
McDermott (2001 [2016 edition]) (PP. 22 [Ch. 1]):
https://books.google.com/books?id=O66TDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22&dq=letter+y+in+egyptian+hieroglyphics&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwilkrDCwMaCAxWCMlkFHQk9DAAQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=letter%20y%20in%20egyptian%20hieroglyphics&f=false
Bible Hub. Strong's Hebrew. 3064. Yehudi:
https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3064.htm
Bible Hub. Strong's Hebrew. 3063. Yehudah:
https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3063.htm
Josephus. Jewish War. Book 5, Ch. 5, Section 7):
https://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/war-5.html
Diodorus Siculus. The Library of History. Book 1 Ch. 94 Section 2:
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/diodorus_siculus/1d*.html
Hernandez (2000) (P. vii):
https://books.google.com/books?id=grNF4gOzX_kC&pg=PR7&dq=when+is+vav+pronounced+as+%22oh%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjtuZ6I6cuCAxU0KlkFHWKIByYQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=when%20is%20vav%20pronounced%20as%20%22oh%22&f=false
Jewish Virtual Library. The Hebrew Alphabet (Aleph-Bet):
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-hebrew-alphabet-aleph-bet#google_vignette
Jewfaq. The Hebrew Alphabet:
https://www.jewfaq.org/hebrew_alphabet
Garrett and DeRouchie (2009 [2019 edition]) (Ch. 2: Pointed Vowel Letters and the Silent Shewa, E. The Basics of Syllable Division):
https://books.google.com/books?id=X6bODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT42&dq=are+mater+lectionis+silent&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi6we3ZspyDAxXoEFkFHRuiCJkQ6AF6BAgMEAI#v=onepage&q=are%20mater%20lectionis%20silent&f=false
Romer (2015):
-V1:
https://books.google.com/books?id=Z59XCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thomas+romer+religion&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjskaukiN2BAxVKKlkFHUp6BfYQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false
-V2:
https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Invention_of_God.html?id=XmsuCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=US&ovdme=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
Rev. Taylor (1833) (PP. 340-341):
https://books.google.com/books?id=QbARAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA340&dq=baal+samen&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy36qOiPj6AhW3MlkFHfxtC9AQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=baal%20samen&f=false
Drummond and Walpole (1810) (P. 62).
https://books.google.com/books?id=rDMGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA62&dq=Jupiter+Iao+Jeu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiis9rxh8eEAxW_FmIAHSNEBJMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Jupiter%20Iao%20Jeu&f=false
Litke (1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3) (PP. 147-148):
3.2. Dyeus Pater: Saturn in Eurasia:
Zeus from the Vatican Museum, Vatican City by Vladimir Wrangel (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Zeus):
Now, we head to the continent of Eurasia. According to Tucker (1890), the people of the "Baltic shores" worshipped the god Dyeus-pater, which represented "Heaven" and "the all-father." The "earth was the all-mother, and the rest of gods and men were the offspring of this pair." Being the "highest divinity-Dyeus, 'the brilliant,' the shining, and Pater, 'the father.' The name Dyeus is in the word "Tuesday, 'the day of Tiu.'" Tiu "is the Germanic pronunciation of the name." Dyeus was also "Jupiter of the Romans, the Zeus-pater of the Greeks, the Djaus-pitar of the old Hindus," (p. 32).
According to Briggs (2003), Dyeus was a "shinning god of the sky" that destroyed enemies with lightning, and controlled the rain (Chapter D):
Briggs also said that Dyeus' "consort was the Earth Goddess (or Mother Earth) who caused the vegetation to grow." The followers of Dyeus, the Aryans/Indo-Europeans, arrived in Iran and India around 2,500 B.C.
The name Dyaus is Hindu. He was the primordial sky father, and creator god. He created "the rest of the Vedic pantheon," along with his wife Prthivi. Later on, he was replaced by the god Indra (Jordan, 2004 [2014 edition], pp. 83-84, and 359) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Zeus, para. 1). Smith (1884) said that D'yaus, Vul/Yav, Il/El, Yao/Iao, and Jahveh (Yahavah), were all related and he became the single god of the Hebrews. He also said that Dyaus was spelled as "'Iakxos," which looks similar to "the Phoenician Yao ('Iaw)," (p. 148). As stated before, Ia was another way to spell the name Ea. Dyaus is Ea! Anu (Uranus) was "a personification of the sky," and is equated to Dyaus, Jupiter, and Zeus (Frazer, 1926, pp. 66-67).
According to Winn (1995), it seems that Dyeus Pater is the original Indo-European version of the name Dyaus Pitar. Dyeus evolved to be Dyaus in India, Zeus/Zeus pater in Greece, Jupiter in Latin (Rome), and Tiu in old English or Tyr in Iceland. The day Tuesday is named after Tiw ("Tiw's day"). In Iran, he became "heaven" and was "Replaced by a new god." In Slavic religion, his name survives as "duzdi" and "dozd" (Russian). These names mean "'rain'" or "'bad sky'" (pp. 81-82). So, the name evolved from Dyeus to Dyaus, and then to Zeus and other names. Dyeus Pater, or Dyeus, being associated with the "bright sky" or "shinning sky," and "heaven," reminds me of Uranus, who was also called "heaven." Dyeus' symbols included "solar images" (the sun), and below the solar images were "weapons and a plowing figure" (p. 82). The plow was a symbol of Zeus, Dagon, Enlil, and Enki. The names of Dyeus are also stated in The Christian Remembrancer (Volume 56, p. 168, Article 8).
Evolution of Dyeus Pater (Winn, 1995, p. 81):
In the Latin Vulgate, the Latin translation of the Bible by Saint Jerome made in 382-405 A.D. (Vulgate, Home, para. 1-3), Deus is the name of god (Vulgate, Genesis-Chapter 1). Deus/Deus pater is Jupiter (Hampton, 1841, p. 54 note 2). Paul (1904) said that Dyauspitar, Zeuspater, Jupiter, and the Christian Deus, came from Dyaus. They, and the word Deva, come from the root word Div, which means "to shine" (p. 79 notes):
Winn (1995) said the same thing (p. 23):
Winn also said that the "dy" in Dyeus became a "z" in Greek, which means Dyeus became Zeus. In Latin, "dy" became "i." This becomes Iu-piter and Ioves. Leeming (2005) said Zeus became Ju Piter/Jupiter (p. 128). Bell (2018 [2020 edition]) said that the word deus originated from dyeus (pp. 19-20). This proves to me that Yahavah and Dyeus are the same individual. It has been stated that Yahavah, Iao, and Jeu-pater/Jao-pater, were all the same name for Jehovah (Yahavah), Jupiter, Jovis, and Janus (Drummond and Walpole, 1810, p. 62).
Another spelling of the name that I've seen is Dios. This version of the name is Spanish because I've seen it in the Spanish translation of the readings for Mass. Dios is, of course, another name for Zeus (Cook, 1914, Vol. 2, pp. 276-277, 279-280), Dyeus and Deus (Winn, 1995, p. 23) but also Uranus. Dios is the father of Aphrodite, but Uranus is also Aphrodite's father. Anu is Inanna's father, and Anu is Uranus while Inanna is Aphrodite (Marks, 2020, Mythic Background; in Pache et al., 2020) (Romer, 2020; in Burian et al., 2020, p. 202). This makes sense because Uranus has been equated to Zeus under the name Zeus Ouranos, which would make Zeus Ouranos and Dios the same individual. Dios has also been equated to Poseidon, so Uranus, Zeus, and Poseidon, are the same individual under the name Dios. Interestingly, Cook (1914) said that there was a Dios Papas, or "Dios the Father," and a Dios Nysos or "Dios the Son." Dios Nysos turned into Dio-nysos (or Dionysus), which means "son of Zeus" (Vol. 2 p. 277). Zeus Dios was like Dionysus in personality, and was represented by grapes and the plough (p. 281). In fact, Zeus and Dionysus are synchronized under the name Zeus Dionysus (p. 282), so Dionysus is Zeus! Uranus, Cronus, Poseidon, Zeus, and Dionysus, are all the same individual! They all come from Dyeus!
I have stated before in this post that the multiple gods of every pantheon were actually the same god (Dunlap, 1894 [1898 edition], p. 208) (W.E.C., 1838; in The Christian Remembrancer, Vol. 20 p. 604 notes). Kavanagh (1871) said that various gods and goddesses had both sexes or genders. Jupiter, Bacchus (Dionysus), Venus/Aphrodite, and other deities, were both male and female. Heck, "Jupiter was both male and female, not only the father but also the mother of the gods." Hesychius Servisu said that the "Cyprus Venus is represented with a beard, and called Aphrodite," (Vol. 1, p. 19). Leeming (2005) also says something that helps to explain why the male god split into different personas. The Goddess was represented in "three aspects" or "three beings," and the "European supreme sky gods often were triadic within themselves or closely associated with two other gods." The three gods served as one of three unique role: "sovereign-priest, warrior, and cultivator-fecundator." Leeming gives a couple of examples, but what stands out to me are two: "Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus," and "Odin, Thor, and Freyr or Tyr" (p. 128). The briefly state, Quirinus was a deity similar to, and probably was, Mars (Ares). He was also equated to Romulus, and probably Janus (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Quirinius). In summation, the male god split himself into different personas to fit into a specific role. This, along with Ahura Mazda and his Amesha Spentas, backs up my hypothesis that the archangels are different personas of Yahavoh, just like the angel of the LORD is Yahavoh as well. All of this stuff is finally starting to make sense!
Leeming (2005) on Dyeus and the different personas of the sky god (p. 128):
As stated previously, Uranus, Cronus, and Zeus, and then Poseidon, Hades, and Zeus, were a trinity as well. Dyeus Pater has three trinites (including Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus)!
Other names for Dyeus include:
1. Uranus:
Uranus statue on the Pergamon Altar in the Pergamon Museum (Wikipedia). Photo belongs to Miguel Hermoso Cuesta:
Uranus was the son and husband of Gaea. He is the father of "the Titans, the Cyclopes, and the Hecatoncheires." Later on, he is castrated by his son, Cronus (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Uranus, para. 1). Ouranos' (Uranus) name means "heaven," (Griswold, 1910, p. 31). Uranus was also called Zeus Ouranios/ouranos ("Zeus of the sky") (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1 p. 8). Interestingly, Zeus Ouranios "supplanted the primitive Kronos," according to Professor Ridgeway (Harrison, 1901; in Nut, 1901, Vol. 15 p. 476). Leeming (2005) said that Dyeus was an equivalent to Ouranus, Varuna, and Ahura Mazda.
2.) Cronus:
Chronos by Ignaz Gunther (1765-1770) from the Bayerisches National Museum:
We already know who Cronus-Saturn is, so no need for a review of his story. The name "Kronion/Chronion" was originally an epithet of Zeus, meaning that he existed "through all time." Zeus later became Kronos' son in recent Greek religion (Keary, 1882, pp. 119-120 note 1). von Bunsen said that Zeus-Chronos was the wife of Rhea, and "the creator of fire" (von Bunsen, 1880, pp. 60 and 105). Cronus is the brother, and husband, of Rhea (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Cronus, para. 2). Coinciding with that, Dyaus is Cronus in the Hindu religion while Varuna was Uranus (Lyle, 2012, p. 106 Figure 9-1). Dyaus was the "god of bright sky" (p. 105). Not only was Zeus and Cronus the same deity, they were also associated with light and the sun. Indra, who is Zeus in the Hindu religion as well, killed his father Dyaus (p. 105).
The Christian Remembrancer also equated Dyaus-Zeus to Kronos, and the "sky or day." Indra is the "'sunny sky'" (Volume 56, p. 168, Article 8). As stated before, Cronus and Zeus were the same deity under the name Zeus Laphystios. Another name given to Cronus is Zeus Lycaeus, who dwelt on Mount Lycaeus in Arcadia (Frazer, 1913, Vol. 9 p. 353) (Hutchinson, 1901, p. 13).
As to why Cronus was dethroned by Zeus, it's probably due to him being the top Semitic god. Frazer (1913) said that the Greeks identified Cronus/Saturn "with the cruel Semitic Baals who delighted in the sacrifice of human victims, especially of children." However, human sacrifice to Zeus Lycaeus seemed to have happened on Mount Lycaeus (Vol. 9 p. 353). Mount Lykaion (Lycaeus) is in Arcadia, Greece (University of Pennsylvania, Penn Art and Sciences: Art and Archaeology of the Mediterranean World, Mount Lykaion [Greece]). Sounds like the Greeks also sacrificed humans to Cronus, just like the Semites did. Brown (1898) said that the "Phoenician Kronos" was defeated "by the Aryan Zeus." Greek writers, like Homer the "purely Aryan Hellene," did this to propagate the superiority of his native gods (p. 118).
Cronus was also worshipped on a mountain called Mount Kronion, which is located in Olympia, Greece (Hutchinson, 1901, p. 12) (Jongh et al., 2000, p. 408).
3.) Poseidon:
Poseidon statue (2nd century, B.C.) from the National Archeological Museum in Athens, Greece (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Poseidon):
Taylor (2022) said that Poseidon "is thought to have originated from an Indo-European deity named Potei-Dan, which translates as 'lord or husband god.'" Potei-Dan "was a sky father deity," and had a "forked lightning bolt." He and Demeter were worshipped by the Mycenaean Greeks around 1400 B.C., or earlier (in Mankey and Taylor, 2022, Poseidon) . Poseidon can also be equated to Dyaus Pitar/Zeus through his wife: Demeter, who is also called Dyava Matar. Her name means "Dawn" in Sanskrit (The Christian Remembrancer, Volume 56 p. 169 Article 8). Poseidon was called Neptune in the Roman pantheon (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Poseidon, para. 5).
Poseidon is the Greek "god of the sea (and of water generally), earthquakes, and horses." He "was a brother of Zeus, the sky god and chief deity of ancient Greece, and Hades, god of the underworld," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Poseidon, para. 1). Vida (1944) said that El was called the "Lord of the Earth," and was Kronos and Poseidon (pp. 4-7). According to Smith (1876), Hea is Saturn-Cronus and Poseidon. Hea is the "god of the lower region," and "is lord of the sea or abyss" (p. 57). Hea was also equated to the planet Saturn (Smith, 1884, p. 216). Poseidon was originally the "god of the depths of earth, whence the sea originates" (Vida, 1944, p. 6 note 25). Ea-Enki is the "lord of the earth," and the "god of water" or "fresh waters beneath the earth" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ea). Kramer (1963) said that Enki was "the Sumerian Poseidon" (p. 197). Burkert (1977 [1985 translation]) said that Poseidon has been called "Husband of Earth," but this is "impossible to prove" (p. 136). However, Burkert said that Poseidon was the god of the sea and earthquakes, and was called the "Earth Shaker" (p. 137). In Tablet 1 of the Enuma Elish, Ea kills the "progenitor" father god Apsu, and lives inside him (Apsu is the "deified underground waters") (Horowitz, 1998, pp. 109-111). This coincides with Ea-Enki being the "Lord of Apsu/Abzu" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ea, para. 2). This would make Cronus and Poseidon the same god.
Poseidon and Zeus were originally the same deity as well. Poseidon seems to have originally been "Potei Dan," the "lord/husband of the earth goddess." Other names for Poseidon are “Potidas,” “Poteidawon,” and “Potei-Dan” (“Lord Zeus”) (Cook, 1914, Vol. 2, pp. 582-585). Another name, "Zenoposeidon," was a combination of a "Zeus of the sea" and a "Zeus of the sky" (p. 663). Dan, later called Potei Dan and then Poseidon, was the god of the first Greeks ("Minyan Greeks") from 2000 BC. The second generation of Greeks, the "Achaean Greeks," worshipped the "Sky-god Zeus." They made Poseidon a lesser version of Zeus because these new Greeks became the new rulers of the land. This was unnecessary because Dan/Potei Dan, also called Dios, was Zeus (Seltman, 1956, p. 33) (Cook, 1914, Vol. 2, p. 846). Chadwick (1976) said that Potei meant "'O Lord'" (p. 86), so I'm going to go with Potei Dan-Poseidon meaning "Lord Zeus." Taylor (2022) said that, later on, more Indo-Europeans arrived to Greece and made Zeus the dominant deity instead of Potei-Dan, despite the two deities being the same individual. Zeus then became the husband of Demeter, and took the lightning bolt. Poseidon's "forked lightning bolt became a trident, which is a tool commonly used by fishers." The reason why Poseidon and Zeus were separated was because "the name got scrambled with the evolution of language," (in Mankey and Taylor, 2022, Poseidon).
Poseidon was also the chief deity of the Mycenaean Greeks, not Zeus. They called Poseidon "the Heavenly King." In the Sumerian pantheon, he was called "Lord of the Earth," and the Hittites called him the "Earth-King." The Mycenaeans, and Minoans ("Minyans"), basically had the same religion. The Mycenaeans seem to have borrowed their religion from the Minoans (Castleden, 2005, pp. 141-143). Poseidon seems to have reigned next to a goddess (in several different forms), or two goddesses. The great goddess might've been served under the names Eileithyia, Artemis, Demeter, and Athena. The "Minoan Great Goddess" was probably made up of Artemis ("Mistress of Animals"), Demeter ("Goddess of Vegetation"), and Athena ("Household Goddess") (pp. 142-143). The Mycenaeans probably worshipped two goddesses, along with Poseidon. These goddesses seem to be "Hera and Athene (Athena)." This is based on an ivory carving from "the temple-palace at Mycenae," which was "carved before 1300 BC" (p. 144). Poseidon was called wanax (possibly meaning "king or a god"), and the Mycenaean goddesses were called wanassa ("queen or a goddess") (pp. 143-144).
Poseidon's trident also represented lightning (Cook, 1914, Vol. 2, p. 850). The Hindu god Siva (Shiva) also had a trident (Franklin, 1784; in Franklin, 1788, p. 251).
Neptune was also called Jupiter Marinus (Franklin, 1784; in Franklin, 1788, Vol. 7 pp. 250-251) (Hamilton, 1820, p. 385). Jupiter Marinus is equated to Jupiter the destroyer, Thor, Typho (Typhon), Taranis, Mahadeva, and Siva (Shiva). His wife is Nephta, who is equated to Freya-Fraea, and Venus-Venus Marina. Neptha is the sister of Isis (Hamilton, 1820, pp. 385, 387-388) (Jones, 1798; in Memoirs of Science and the Arts, 1798, p. 24). Another name for Neptune was Jupiter Secundus (Johnson, 1800, p. 253) (Thomas, 1837, p. 163).
Poseidon is the Archangel Asariel (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Asariel-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences).
4.) Zeus Pater:
Zeus statue from Staatiliche Museen zu Berlin (5th century BC) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Zeus):
Zeus, also called Jupiter, was the chief deity of the Greek pantheon of gods, and was the god of "thunder and lightning, rain, and winds." He was the ruler of heaven, which was located on Mount Olympus (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Zeus, para. 1 and 3). Jahveh (Yahavah), also called Vul, is a god of the atmosphere who was also a god called D'yaus (Smith, 1884, p. 148). Dyaus Pitar, or Dyaus, is a Hindu god whose name is linked with Zeus. Both gods are sky gods (Jordan, 2004 [2014 edition], pp. 83 and 359) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Zeus, para. 1). Sanchoniatho also says that Zeus was Dagon ([Rev. Cumberland, 1720 translation], p. 32), who was the god of the atmosphere (Caquot and Sznycer, 1980, p. 13). On the An = Anum list, a list of Sumerian deities, Dagan is equated to Enlil (Litke, 1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3, p. 42). Enlil's titles range from "god of ghosts, wind, air, and atmosphere" (University of Pennsylvania, ORACC, Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, Enlil/Ellil: Functions, para. 1) (Fontenrose, 2022, p. 157). Ancient poet Nonnos said that Zeus was also the god of the air (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, p. 751). Dagon was the god of corn (Harper, 1895, p. 409) (Dowling, 1913, p. 73), just like Zeus (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, p. 598 note 2; p. 741). Zeus, Ea, Vul, Dyaus, Dagan, and Enlil, all seem to be the same deity. Merodach (Marduk) is equated to the planet Jupiter (Smith, 1884, pp. 148 and 216). Tartu (2001) also stated that Enlil and Marduk were represented by the planet Jupiter (pp. 14 and 20).
Encyclopaedia Britannica said that Marduk was represented by Jupiter (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Marduk, para. 4). This would make Zeus, and Enlil-Marduk, the same individual.
Zeus, under the name Beelsamen or Baal-samen ("'Lord of Heaven'"), was a sun god (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1 p. 191). There's even a "fine bronze disk" which depicts Zeus as Baal Samen on it (p. 191 Figure 138):
Zeus also has a connection to the moon. In Greece, Zeus was typically equated with the moon goddess. This is because the Greeks "consistently regarded the moon as feminine." However, "in quasi-Greek districts," Zeus is shown as a moon god. A few coins ("tetradrachms"), from 126-96 BC, show Zeus with the crescent moon above his head (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, pp. 730-732; p. 731, Figures 538-539). Ea was also associated with the moon (Nehemiah 10:33) (Psalm 81:3).
Tetradrachms showing Zeus as a moon god (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, p. 731 Figures 538-539):
It has also been stated that the Romans knew that they, and the Jews, both worshipped the god Jupiter! In Josephus' book Antiquity of the Jews, the Roman Emperor Ptolemy Philadelphus, and his "library keeper" Demetrius Phalereus, gathered up many religious texts in order to be translated into Greek. This included the Jewish laws. Aristeus, a friend of Philadelphus, said that they, and the Jews, worship the same god, "life" or "Jupiter" ("he breathes life into all men") (Book 12, Ch. 2, Sections 1-2). The Greek translation of the Jewish laws are the Septuagint, translated around 285-246 BC (Pietersma and Bright, 2007, p. xiii).
Josephus,
Antiquity of the Jews, Book 12 Chapter 2 Section 2:
The Romans and the Jews worshipped Zeus/Jupiter, and the Romans knew it!
Binger (1997) said that (before Baal was introduced to the Greek and Ugaritic pantheons) Zeus was El (p. 78):
Zeus has also been called a god of the Earth, just like Enlil and Ea. According to West (2007 [2008 edition]), Hesiod called Zeus "Zeus of the Earth," and he was associated with the plough. The Christian God also plays a similar function in a prayer, and the source for both of these probably goes back to an Indo-European origin. Zeus of the Earth was also called Chthonios (p. 183):
Zeus of the Earth-Chthonios sounds like Poseidon, especially since he is associated with Demeter. Cook (1914) straight up said that Chthonios was also called Zeus Chthonios, and he was associated with crops (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, pp. 668-669) (Cook, 1914, Vol. 2, p. 829). In the winter, Zeus Chthonios goes into the Underworld and "rules over the shades of Hades" (Brown, 1877, Vol. 1, p. 55). Rev. Taylor (1833) said that a "verse cited by Macrobius" said that Jupiter, Pluto, the Sun, and Dionysus, are all one god (p. 340). Pluto is Roman name of the Greek god Hades (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Hades). The Roman sun god was Sol, who was called Helios in Greece (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Sol, para. 1). Helios was also connected to Apollo, who was a sun god as well (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Helios, para. 1) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Apollo, para. 1). Apollo's "forename Phoebus means 'bright' or 'pure,' and the view became current that he was connected with the Sun. See Helios," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Apollo, para. 1). According to Dunlap (1894), "the Greek Apollon, the Cretan Apellon"/Apollo, and Helios, are El (pp. 5 and 74). All of this means that Cronus, Poseidon, Zeus, Dionysus, Hades, and Helios, were all the same deity!
Professor Muller said that Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades, represented the sun and were originally the same deity under the name Dyaus (Brown, 1898, pp. 119-120). Poseidon/Neptune represents "The Sun, rising out of the ocean and again sinking into it" (Rhyn, 1895, p. 7). He was also "the sun rising out of the sea," (The Christian Remembrancer, Volume 56, p. 169, Article 8). Pluto (Hades) represents "the invisible Sun that through the night tarries in the underworld" (Rhyn, 1895, p. 7).
When I was trying to find information regarding angels, I found a website called Archangels and Angels. It's a really informative website, and my favorite part is that is places individual gods from other pantheons and religions to specific angels. One of the archangels listed was Sachiel Out of all the gods that are said to be this individual, the names Adonai Tsevaot and Yehovah stood out to me (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Sachiel-Angelic and Planetary Symbols). I can already tell that Yehovah is another spelling of the name Jehovah and Yahavah. The name Adonai Tsevaot means "Lord of Hosts" (Hood, 2019, Abstract) (One for Israel, 2016, What Does "Lord of Hosts" Mean?, para. 1) (Avery, n.d., Names for God, LORD of hosts; Hebrew Words for LORD of hosts), which is another name for Yahavah as described above: Sabaoth! Also, Zeus is also stated to be Sachiel too. Yahavah on the Judean Coin looks a lot like Zeus as well...
Yehovah (Yahavah) being the Archangel Sachiel (
Archangels and Angels, Archangel
Sachiel-Angelic and Planetary Symbols):
Deities associated with Sachiel:
"Zeus on a coin of Alexander the Great" from the Thessaloniki, Archaeological Museum (333-323 BC) (Livius, Zeus on a coin of Alexander the Great):
Zeus coin featured in a
BAR article from 2006 (
Center for Online Judaic Studies, Zeus Coin):
Yahav (Yahavah) on the 4th-century Judean coin:
Both Yahavah on the Judean coin, and Zeus on the two coins above, share the same physical features, clothing, and an arm stretched out with a bird (hawk or falcon) on it! The only difference is that there are no wings on Zeus' throne. The "Zeus on a coin of Alexander the Great" coin also comes from the 4th century BC, just like the Judean coin. Cook (1914) said that the Judean coin depicts Jeu as a "solar Zeus" (Vol. 1, p. 233). Jeu really is Zeus! The eagle is one of Zeus' symbols, along with the thunderbolt (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Zeus, para. 6). Jeu is described as an eagle watching over the Israelite tribes (Deuteronomy 32:11-12). Cook (1914) said that the bird on Jeu's hand on the Judean coin was probably an eagle (Vol. 1, p. 232).
Remember the name IA-U? Well, according to Parke-Taylor (1975 [2006 edition]), John Allegro said that YHWH and IA-U come from the same "linguistic background" as Zeus' name (p. 49). Parke-Taylor also said that Enno Littmann stated a "connection between the name YHWH and Zeus." Littman said that the Tetragrammaton, and Zeus' name, are a "derivation from Dyeus, Indo-European in origin" (pp. 49-50).
Origin of YHWH (Yhvh/Yahavah) (Parke-Taylor, 1975 [2006 edition], p. 49):
P. 50:
Massey (1907 [2013 edition]) said that Iah in Latin is Jupiter and Jove (Vol. 1, p. 501). Jupiter/Jove (also spelled Iuppiter and Iovis) is the Roman version of Zeus (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Jupiter, para. 1) (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Zeus, para. 1) (White, 1900, pp. 31 and 90). Zeus was also called "Dyaus" (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Zeus, para. 1). Jupiter was also "concerned with oaths, treaties, and leagues" (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Jupiter, para. 3). Yahavah swore oaths, or covenants, all the time in the
Tanakh. The best example is the covenant/oath he made to Abraham (Genesis 17:1-14) (Luke 1:73). A covenant "is a promise sanctioned by an oath" (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Covenant, Nature and significance, para. 3). It's interesting to note that Jesus said to "take no oath at all" because they are "of evil origin" (Matthew 5:33-37).
Cook (1914) stated that, in 168 BC, Antiochus IV Epiphanes "transformed the temple of Jerusalem into a temple of Zeus Olympios." The name Iao/Iaw was also associated with Zeus. An Egyptian incantation, associates Zeus with Iao as "Zeus Iao" (Vol. 1, p. 233). The oracle of Apollon Klarios described Iao as "the greatest of all gods." It said that Iao was Zeus in the Spring, Helios in the summer, Iao in the autumn, and Hades in the winter (p. 234). To top it off, an "onyx" (coin) depicting a beardless Zeus with a thunderbolt in his outstretched hand, and an eagle near his feet, has the names "Iao Sabao[th]" on the back of it (p. 235).
Iao Sabao[th] onyx/coin (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, p. 235 Figure 172):
Iao is also spelled "Iaw," and it is the Greek translation of the Tetragrammaton (
The New International Encyclopaedia [Second Edition], 1915, Vol. 12 p. 625) (Vasileiades and Gordon, 2021, Figures 5-6). This confirmed by Iao being in "The Aramaic papyri from the Jews at Elephantine," and the Septuagint translation "of Leviticus among the Dead Sea scrolls, 4Q120, dating probably from the first century AD," (pp. 115-116). The fragment 4Q120 can be seen in Vasileiades and Gordon (2021) (Figure 6). The Greek "w," called omega, was pronounced "o" with a line above it (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Greek Alphabet). Sophocles (1854) said that omega was pronounced "
oh, or French
eau in
beau," (pp. 50 and 60). Professor Muntz from the University of Arkhansas said that omega was "pronounced like the o in ode." Omega was also "always long" (
University of Arkansas, The Bibliotheke, Greek Alphabet and Pronunciation, 2011). The name Ea was also spelled as "Aos" (Langdon, 1918, p. 434) (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2021 edition], p. 161), which looks similar to Iao. As stated before, Cook (1914) said that the name Iao comes from the name Ea/Eau, also spelled Iau, and is Ea (Vol. 1, p. 188 note 2; p. 228). Iao, or Iau according to Clemens, is "a God of the Sun and Fire, there seems to be no doubt." Other spellings of the name are "the Sumerian Iabe," Iahveh, Iaau which is also Iahav and Iahaveh (Bunsen, 1860, Vol. 4 p. 193 note 23; p. 194). "Iahav" is Yahav (Yhv), and "Iahaveh" is very close to Yahavah.
Zeus was called Iw/Io, Kouros the son of Kronos, and was the leader of daimones/demons (Kershaw, 1997, pp. 160-161). Io (Zeus) and Iao (Yahavah) were the same individual. As stated before, Iao comes from Ea/Eau, and is Ea (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, p. 188 note 1; p. 228).
Litwa (2019) said that the Phibionite Christian sect listed Iao as the moon, and Sabaoth (who represents the Jewish Sabbath) was Saturn. Jupiter is the sixth planet, which is ruled by Yaldabaoth. This would make Zeus and Yaldabaoth the same deity (p. 34; Figure 1.4):
Epiphaneus is the source of this chart, but said that Yaldabaoth and Sabaoth are interchangeable in their positions (
Panarion, Book 1 Section 2 Number 26, 10.1-10.3 [Williams, 2009 translation, p. 98]), but This would make Iao (Yahavoh) the moon god, and Yaldabaoth and/or Sabaoth the god of Saturn. Yahavoh is not only Cronus, but Zeus as well!
Phibionite demons (Epiphanaeus,
Panarion. Book 1 Section 2 Number 26. 10.1-10.3 [Williams, 2009 translation, p. 98]):
Since Poseidon and Zeus were the same individual, this would make the Archangels Sachiel and Asariel the same archangel.
5.) Hades:
Hades on a coin holding a two-pronged trident, according to Sibley (2009) (P. 92 Figure 9.8):
Pluto is the Roman name of the Greek god Hades (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Hades). Hades was also called Zeus Katachthonios (Brown, 1898, p. 120) (Gimbutas, 2023; in Larson et al., 2023, p. 117), and both of them were symbolized by the oak tree. This means that Zeus "lives not only above the ground but also in the ground" (Gimbutas, 2023, p. 117; in Larson et al., 2023). Baal, and Saturn, were also represented by the oak tree. The oak tree might've been a symbol of Bacchus as well (Loudon, 1838, p. 1752). Hades-Zeus Katachthonios was also called Zeus Chthonios, and Zeus Plousios (Stornoway, 2019, p. 196). Hades was also called Dis-Dis Pater (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2020 edition], pp. 153 and 201) (Daly and Rengel, 2009, p. 145). Another spelling of the name seems to be Dies-Dies-piter. Dies was "lengthened from Dis" (White, 1871 [2022 edition], p. 57). Both Pluto-Dis and Jupiter were called Diespiter (White, 1871 [2022 edition], p. 57) (Hampson, 1841, p. 54 note 2), who is also dius pater (Jupiter Infernus). Deus, dies, and dis, are all the same word (Hampson, 1841, p. 54 note 2). Gale (1672) said that "Saturne, Jupiter, Dis, Dies pater, Jao, Apollo, and Bacchus," were the sun (p. 99). Pluto was also called Jupiter Infernus (Donaldson, 1860, p. 173) (Johnson, 1800, p. 253) (Thomas, 1837, p. 163).
To cement Poseidon, Hades, and Zeus, as being the same individual, we must look at the artifact called "the Capitoline triad." It depicts "Iupiter" (Jupiter) with "a thunderbolt and a trident in his left hand, and a two-pronged fork in his right, while a dolphin appears at his side." The thunderbolt means Jupiter is a "sky-god," the trident and the dolphin make him a "sea-god," and the fork makes him an "earth-god." An inscription on the triad reads as "IOVE-IVTOR, 'to Iupiter the Helper'," (Cook, 1914, Vol. 2, pp. 803-804; Figure 770). The dolphin was a symbol of Poseidon (p. 795). The two-prong trident is also stated to be the symbol of Hades. Cook (1914) (Vol. 2) said that one coin said to have depicted "Plouton, fork in hand, carrying off Persephone upon a four-horse chariot," is actually Poseidon and Aithra (pp. 800-801; p. 802 Figure 769). However, Sibley (2009) said that the coin was depicting "Hades with a long-handled fork (bident)." The bident was "a two-pronged (bident) variant of the trident," and Hades-Pluton-Pluto carried it "in his agricultural aspect," (pp. 91-92; p. 92 Figure 9.8). Therefore, the two-pronged trident could symbolize Hades after all and equate Jupiter to Hades too (using the "Jupiter the Helper" artifact).
Jupiter the Helper (Cook, 1914, Vol. 2, p. 804 Figure 770):
This demonstrates that Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades, were the same deity. In fact, Eilenstein (2018) said that there were different versions of Dyaus: Zeus (Dagda the "daytime sun god"), Poseidon (Nuada the "'Water Dyaus'" and the nighttime or hereafter sun), and Hades ("Zeus in the earth underworld") (p. 612 [German]). This was stated by Professor Muller originally, as stated previously.
6.) Dionysus:
Bacchus Richelieu (100/150 A.D.) (
Louvre Collections, statue [Bacchus Richelieu]):
In 63 AD, the Romans invaded the (second) Jewish temple in Jerusalem (Livius, Roman-Jewish Wars, Pompey's Siege of Jerusalem, para. 3-6), and said that they saw either "an ass under a golden vine" (Flood, 2021, p. 83 notes 118 and 120), or "the heavens under a golden vine" (Flood, 2021, p. 83 notes 118 and 120) (University of Chicago, Florus, The Epitome of Roman History, Book 1: The Mithridatic War, Ch. 40, Section 3.5.30; note 4). Vine gods include Osiris (before becoming a god of the dead), and Dionysus. Osiris was Hades and Dionysus as well (Unwin, 1996, p. 79). Dionysus, also called Bacchus and Liber Pater, is the "nature god" of "vegetation," "wine and ecstasy." He is also the son of Zeus. As Bacchus, he was called the "thunderer," and is associated with bull imagery ("bull-horned" and "bull-faced") (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Dionysus, para. 1 and 4). In the commentary to Sanchoniatho's book, and as stated by Rev. Taylor, it has been stated that Bacchus and Osiris were the same deity (Phoenician History [Rev. Cumberland, 1720 translation], p. 78) (Rev. Taylor, 1833, p. 340).
Bacchus' name was also spelled "Iacchos-Iaho-and Sabaoth" (Blavatsky, 1891, p. 518). There's Ia-Ya-Ea again! Cook (1914) said that the winged wheel is associated with Dionysus (Vol. 1, pp. 216). Acharya S (2004) said that Yahweh (Yahavah), Osiris, Dionysus, Saturn-Cronus, and Sabazios-Sabaoth-Sabbat, were all the same deity, and the Judean coin cements Yahweh (Yahavah) as being Dionysus (p. 121). Rev. Taylor (1833) said that a "verse cited by Macrobius" said that Jupiter, Pluto, the Sun, and Dionysus, are all one god (p. 340). Ea is Dionysus-Bacchus! Macrobius is also stated as saying that Sebadius is the sun, which was also called Solis Liber (Kavanagh, 1871, Vol. 1, p. 20). Dionysus was also spelled as Dyanysos. Dionysus was also Osiris, "Sabazius the Thracian corn god," and most interestingly, Laphystios (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2021 edition], p. 152). Dyanysos looks like Dyaus. As stated earlier, Cronus was called Zeus Laphystios. Dionysus and Cronus were the same god! In the Orphic hymn to Sabazios, he is equated to Zeus. Sabazios "sewed" Dionysos into his thigh (The Orphic Hymns [Athanassakis and Wolkow, 2013 translation], p. 40). Zeus did this (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Dionysus, para. 2). The god Zeus Dios was like Dionysus in personality, and was represented by grapes and the plough (Cook, 1914, Vol. 2 p. 281). In fact, Zeus and Dionysus are synchronized under the name Zeus Dionysus (p. 282). Both Dionysus, and Zeus, are Sabazius.
Since Osiris and Hades were both Dionysus, this would make Hades and Dionysus the Archangel Azrael (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Azrael-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences).
Dionysus on a winged wheel (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, p. 216, Figure 159):
4th-century Judean coin featuring Yahavah on a winged wheel:
What's more puzzling, even startling, is that Jesus quotes Dionysus in
Acts of the Apostles! In Acts 26:14, the risen Jesus appears to Saul (soon to be called Paul) on the road to Damascus. Jesus says, "It is hard for thee to kick against the pricks" (KJV) (YLT). This phrase came originally from Dionysus: "Better to yield in prayer and sacrifice than to kick against the pricks, since Dionyse is god, and thou but a mortal," (Eurypides,
The Bacchae, p. 46). The only conclusion that I can come to is that the Bible is equating Jesus with Dionysus!
It doesn't get any better from there! In Acts of the Apostles, Paul says a quote straight out of Aratus of Soli's The Phainomena. Paul said that the "poets" of Athens spoke about his god, in which "'We are all his offspring'" (Acts 17:22 and 28 [NIV] [KJB] [YLT]). Aratus in his poem said about Zeus, "We are his offspring" (The Phainomena, R. Brown translation, p. 13) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aratus, para. 2). The NIV translation of Acts 17 even stated that this phrase came straight out of Aratus' poem (Acts 17:28, note c)! So, not only are Yahavah and Dionysus the same individual, but the New Testament is equating Jesus to Dionysus and saying that everybody are the "offspring" of Zeus! I already made a post stating that Jesus Christ was Dionysus.
7.) Ares:
Mars/Ares Ultor (26-14 B.C.) from the Cleveland Museum of Art (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ares):
Finally, we have the Archangel Samael. I'm surprised that he is an archangel, despite being Satan in Judaism and another name for Yaldabaoth! He is associated with the planet Mars (
Archangels and Angels, Archangel Samael-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences). The god associated with the planet Mars is Ares, the notorious war god/spirit of the Greek and Roman pantheons. He is also a son of Zeus. Interestingly, Ares was associated with human sacrifice as well (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ares, para. 1-2). In the Germanic religion, Ares/Mars is called Tyr (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Tyr). Tyr is also Dyeus-Dyaus (Winn, 1995, pp. 81-82) (Jordan, 2004 [2014 edition], p. 83). This would make Ares and Zeus the same deity!
Better yet, this makes Ea and Samael the same individual too! As stated previously, Samael is another name for Jehovah (Yahavah), which means "blind god," (Tice, 1997 [2007 edition], p. 51). Samael is a particularly dangerous equation because he is Satan in Judaism (Jewish Virtual Library, Samael). Samael is also the name of Yaldabaoth in the Gnostic text The Apocryphon of John. In 2 Samuel 24:1-3, Yahavah "burned against Israel," and he told David to do a census of the tribes of Israel. In 1 Chronicles 21:1, "Satan (Samael) stood up against Israel and incited David to number Israel (the census)." Yahavah, and Satan-Samael, are the same individual.
Ares-Mars was also called Dies Martis, while Zeus was (seemingly) called Dies Jovis (Clare, 1910, p. 196).
8.) Hermes:
Mercury, with winged hat and staff, classical statue in Uffizi, Florence (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Mercury):
Hermes/Mercury is a son of Zeus/Jupiter, and was the messenger of the gods (Enyclopaedia Britannica, Hermes, para. 1) (Encyclopaedia Britannica. Mercury, para. 2). Hermes is represented by the ram, and he-goat (Buckert, 1977 [1985 edition], p. 65). Hermes/Mercury is also Thoth (Encyclopaedia Britannica. Thoth, para. 2) (Boylan, 1922, p. 102 note 1; p. 140) (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Raphael-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences), and the war god Odin (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Odin). According to Harrison et al., (1927), Hermes was an imported deity from outside of the Greek religion, but he was rendered to being just a messenger deity by Homer in the Olympian pantheon. Hermes was "a snake to begin with." He "carried the snake staff," also called the "kerykeion with the twin twisted snakes." This makes Hermes "the very daimon of reincarnation," (pp. 294-295).
Odin is an interesting case. Odin was originally a sky god, who was the "parallel" of Varuna in "the Edda mythology." This would also equate Odin to Anu. Having one eye also establishes Odin as a sky god, since his one eye represents the sun (Bhattacharji, 1970 [2016 edition], p. 24). Creswell (1914) equates Varuna to Odin, and they are both the "Sky deified" (p. 498). Majumdar (1909) equates Odin to Varuna, and they are both "the god of the nether region" (p. 89).
It seems that Odin lost his left eye (Paxson, 2017, p. 228). Odin did this to obtain a "magic spear" (Losch, 2001 [2002 edition], p. 53 note 6). There's a parallel between Odin and Horus. Horus' right eye represents the sun, while his left eye represents the moon. Horus lost his left eye in a battle against Seth (Leviton, 2005, Black Eye of Horus) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eye of Horus). Odin's left eye seems to have been the moon. Zeus' eyes have been equated to the sun and moon as well (Palmer, 1999 [in Dorson, 1999], p. 179). Odin has been equated to Kronos as well (Losch, 2001 [2002 edition], p. 53 note 7). Creswell (1914) stated that Odin was the god of the sky, moon, lightning, and the planet Jupiter (p. 498). Varuna's eye was also said to be the sun (Oldenberg, 1988, p. 96) (Beck, 1997, p. 77; in Etzioni and Carney, 1997) (Macdonell, 1995, p. 23). Odin's spear might've represented the thunderbolt. Zeus was sometimes equated with the spear, since his double axe, which represented lightning, turned into the spear later on (Cook, 1914, Vol. 2, pp. 704 and 848). Wodan was seen as equating to Uranos (Uranus) as representing Heaven (Rhyn, 1895, p. 7). Wodan is another name for Odin (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Odin). Coulter and Turner (2000 [2020 edition]) said that "In nearly every aspect, Odin is similar to Jupiter (Roman) and Zeus (Greek)" (p. 358).
To cement Hermes-Odin as being Zeus, we have to look at the Norse pantheon. The god Buri is Uranus, Bor is Cronus, and Odin is Zeus (Mallory and Adams, 1997, p. 19):
Encyclopaedia Britannica said that Buri was the grandfather of Odin (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aurgelmir), so this cements Odin and Zeus as being the same deity.
Along with being Zeus in the Norse pantheon, Zeus was represented by the ram (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, pp. 346-349, 417), and both Zeus and Dionysus were represented by the goat (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, pp. 706-707). One of the animals sacrificed to Zeus was the goat, along with the bull and cow (Smith, 1848 [1873 edition], Zeus, para. 2).
Hermes might've been Seth as well. Thoth, another name of Hermes, was a name given to Seth/Set spelled as "Tet." In Phoenicia, he was Taaut/Esmun-Esculapius the snake god. Seth, Thoth/Tet/Taaut, Saturn, and El/Il, were the same deity (Wake, 1870, pp. 211-213). Wake also stated that Hermes had "related deities," who are Sabazius/Bacchus-Dionysos, Priapus, and Khem. They were all sun gods, and symbols of fecundity. The "bull and the goat" were symbols of fecundity, and the sun (p. 213).
The Archangel Raphael is represented by the planet Mercury (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Raphael-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences). The planet Mercury is also associated with the god Hermes (Encyclopaedia Britannica. Mercury, para. 1) (Enyclopaedia Britannica, Hermes, para. 1) (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Raphael-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences).
9.) Prometheus:
Creation of Man by Prometheus (3rd century A.D.) at the Louvre Museum (See, 2014, p. 39 Figure 1-1):
Prometheus was a Greek Titan, but also a god. He was, in particular, "the supreme trickster, and a god of fire." He was also "a master craftsman." Prometheus tricked Zeus "into accepting the bones and fat of sacrifice instead of the meat." As punishment, Zeus "hid fire from the mortals." Prometheus "stole it and returned it to Earth." Zeus, in return, created Pandora and had her unleash calamities upon mankind by opening the "jar that she carried." Zeus is also said to have chained Prometheus to a mountain where an eagle eats his liver (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Prometheus). Interestingly, Vulcan is stated as being the creator of Pandora as well. He made her out of clay (Lang, 2023, Prometheus and Pandora [p. 3]). Then again, Vulcan is Zeus Michuis, so Zeus did create Pandora anyway.
Prometheus is also credited with creating mankind (Williams College, Creation Myths: Greek Creation Myth). He did this with clay/mud. Athena helped too (Langdon, 1915, p. 31) (See, 2014, p. 39), and this can be seen on the Creation of Man by Prometheus relief from Italy (3rd century A.D./C.E.) (See, 2014, p. 39). Athena gave mankind their souls (Langdon, p. 31) (See, 2014, p. 39). West (1994) said that Prometheus was Ea-Enki (pp. 129, 141, and 143-144).
10.) Hephaestus:
Vulcan by Guillaume Coustou the Younger (1742). Photo by Jastrow (2006) (
Wikipedia):
Hephaestus was the Greek "god of fire." He was called Vulcan in Rome. He was the son of Hera and Zeus, and "A blacksmith and craftsman." He was symbolized by the "volcanic or gaseous fires," which "were often considered to be his workshops." Aphrodite was Hephaestus' wife, but Hephaestus was also married to "Charis, the personification of Grace (...) in the Iliad," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Hephaestus). Vulcan is stated as being the creator of Pandora sometimes. He made her out of clay (Lang, 2023, Prometheus and Pandora [p. 3]). Kothar, or Kothar-wa-Hasis/Khasis, is the "ancient West Semitic god of crafts, equivalent to the Greek god Hephaestus." He was equated to "the Egyptian god Ptah," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Kothar). To my surprise, Ea was also equated to a god named Kothar wa Hasis. Jones (2009) said that, while Ea and El have similarities, Ea is "explicitly identified [...] with Kothar wa-Hasis." This is "In the Syrian and Canaanite pantheon lists," (p. 84; note 248). In the trilingual WGL god list from Ugarit, Ea, with his names spelled as Aya and Eyan, was Kotaru/Kothar (Tugendhaft, 2016; in Grafton and Most, 2016, p. 173; p. 175 Table 8.1; p. 180). The Egyptian god Ptah was a "creator-god and maker of things, a patron of craftsman, especially sculptors," and "a mortuary god" that was represented as a mummy. He was equated to Hephaestus/Vulcan, and he was equated to Seker/Soker and Osiris "to form Ptah-Seker-Osiris." Ptah also had a bull called Apis, which "was called a manifestation of the god who gave oracles," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ptah).
Aside from being Zeus' son, Hephaestus-Vulcan was Zeus himself. Sanchoniatho said that Hephaestus-Vulcan, also called Chysor, was called Zeus Michius. The name Zeus Michius was also spelled as Diamichius. Zeus Michius means "Machinator, the great inventor or engineer," (Phoenician History [Rev. Cumberland, 1720, translation], p. 26). Mushet (1837) said that "Sol (or Helios), Saturn, Jupiter (surnamed Ammon) , and Vulcan, were all one; being titles of the chief deity,-the sun," (pp. 235-236). Finally, Smith (2020) said that Kothar and El could be "differentiations of the wise god, Ea/Enki, and possibly as divine instantiations of their very names." The same could be said for "Baal, Yamm, and Mot, as well as Shapshu and Yarih," (in Ferrara and Huffmon, 2020, p. 49 note 115).
11.) Apollo-Helios:
Apollo Belvedere (recreation) (130-140 A.D.) (
The Wilcox Classical Museum at the University of Kansas):
Apollo, also called Phoebus, was a son of Zeus/Jupiter and a god "connected with the Sun." In fact, the name "Phoebus means 'bright' or 'pure.'" He seems to have turned into a god of rules and justice "from the time of Homer onward." Of note, "he slew Python, the serpent that guarded" Delphi. Second, "He established his oracle by taking on the guise of a dolphin," (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Apollo, para. 1 and 3). As noted before, the dolphin was a symbol of Poseidon. Coulter and Turner (2000 [2013 edition]) said that Apollo, or Apollon, might've "originated in Asia and was probably a Hittite god (Hobal)." He was the "God of Light," "God of Prophecy," "medicine, music, the lyre and archery." Apollo was also equated to the god Reshep, a Babylonian god (pp. 62-63). Hobal and Reshep are interesting. Resheph is Nergal (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Resheph). Hab'al's (Hobal) name originally probably meant "He-B'al (the lord) and later confused with Abel, the son of Adam." Habal's "consorts are Allat and Al-ozzah," (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2013 edition], p. 200). Allat is Ellat and Ilat (p. 37). Natan (2006) said that Hubal was Jupiter, and Allat is the female version of Allah (Vol. 2 pp. 168-169, and 390). Allat is Asherah! This would make Habal Enlil! Natan (2006) said that Hubal wasn't Allah (Vol. 2 p. 168). However, if Habal was Allat's partner, then he was. Apollo is Enlil, and Nergal. Apollo being a sun god, and a god of laws and justice, seems to equate him to Adad-Shamash-Nusku as well.
Helios on his chariot (1872) (
State Museums of Berlin) (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Helios):
Helios was "the sun god, sometimes called a Titan." He is known for driving "a chariot daily from east to west daily across the sky." Helios was later equated to other gods, and one of them was probably Apollo (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Helios). "Helios (or Sol, or Shamash)," was equated to Yahweh (Novenson, 2020; in Novenson, 2020, p. 46). Zeus has also been equated to Helios, as "Zeus Helios," whose religion was widespread "in the Orient," (Stone, 2001 [2022 edition], Vol. 2 p. 127). Sol is the Roman sun god that was equated to Helios (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Sol, para. 1). Dunlap (1894) said that El was "Hael (Hel), the Greek Aelios and Helios," (p. 5). He was also Bel/Belitan, "the Old Bel," and was Kronos in Greece and Saturn in Rome. Bel/Belitan "must have originally been the Sun-god of the Semites for, in the priestly doctrines, he was held to be Sol and Saturn also," (pp. 208-209). El was also "Elios, Helios, and Iahoh," (p. 262 note 2). Parsons (1895) said that there was no "H" in front of the name Elios originally in Greek (pp. 88). He also said that El "was an appellation of the Sun-God," (pp. 87 and 127). The gods Iao, Bacchus, and "Elios (Helios)," and the sun, were all equated (p. 127). de Jassy (1908) said that El/Elu was Helios and Sol (in Carus, 1908, Vol. 18 pp. 130-131). Helios was Adad-Shamash-Nusku, and Enlil, as well. Thompson (2007) said that Helios and Apollo were equated under the names "Helios Apollo" and "Helios Apollo Kisauloddenos" in Smyrna. Apollo became more famous in Smyrna in the "second Christian century (2nd century A.D.)," but he was still equated to Helios "In literary texts outside of Smyrna." To my surprise, Helios was also equated to Pluto (Hades) under the name "Pluto Helios" or "Plouton Helios" (in Aune and Young, 2007, pp. 101-102, 106-108, and p. 110). Hades was a sun god as well.
Apollo and Helios were the same god. Helios was also Zeus, and Hades.
12.) Conclusion:
Dyeus Pater was the Saturn of Eurasia. He was in both the European (Dyeus), and Asian (Dyaus), countries and religions.
Links:
1.) Dyeus: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Zeus:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zeus
Smith (1884) (P. 148):
https://books.google.com/books?id=us3Y7a9AhOYC&pg=PA155-IA3&dq=el+elu+deity&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9q66_0J-CAxVSFlkFHaBfAesQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=el%20elu%20deity&f=false
Winn (1995) (PP. 23, 81-82):
https://books.google.com/books?id=-UCU0I918bsC&pg=PA81&dq=dyeus+dyaus&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi1grOn_N2DAxWAGFkFHTqlDRAQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=dyeus%20dyaus&f=false
Frazer (1926) (PP. 66-67):
https://books.google.com/books?id=cn0IAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA66&dq=Start+of+Anu+worship&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjh_snb-4WFAxWrEFkFHRdjD28Q6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=Start%20of%20Anu%20worship&f=false
The Christian Remembrancer. Volume 56. Article 8:
https://books.google.com/books?id=lr0RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA169&dq=Poseidon+sun+rising+out+of+the+ocean&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiMicmwndeEAxVfF1kFHayGAkcQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Poseidon%20sun%20rising%20out%20of%20the%20ocean&f=false
Hampson (1841) (P. 54 note 2):
https://books.google.com/books?id=RyWGAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=dates+charters,+and+customs+of+the&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj3vaO4vsqEAxU9LVkFHYOyDfIQ6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=dis&f=false
Paul (1904) (P. 79):
https://books.google.com/books?id=pjReJ9yO7h0C&pg=PA79&dq=varuna+replaced+dyaus&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOh6L_98-DAxW8D1kFHZbvBHAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=varuna%20replaced%20dyaus&f=false
Leeming (2005) (P. 128):
https://books.google.com/books?id=iPrhBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128&dq=dyeus+varuna+replaced&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiX2Mb79s-DAxUCEVkFHYJJCbwQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=dyeus%20varuna%20replaced&f=false
Bell (2018 [2020 edition]) (PP. 19-20):
https://books.google.com/books?id=DXW7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19&dq=dyeus+deus&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-xsWnr_6DAxUng4kEHfIwBYgQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=dyeus%20deus&f=false
Drummond and Walpole (1810) (P. 62).
https://books.google.com/books?id=rDMGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA62&dq=Jupiter+Iao+Jeu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiis9rxh8eEAxW_FmIAHSNEBJMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Jupiter%20Iao%20Jeu&f=false
Cook (1914) (Vol. 2):
https://books.google.com/books?id=xXzQAAAAMAAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
Marks (2020; in Pache et al., 2020) (Mythic Background):
https://books.google.com/books?id=BVnSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT123&dq=Anu+Zeus&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi9rtbChuCCAxWFEFkFHdRkBhYQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=Anu%20Zeus&f=false
Romer (2020; in Burian et al., 2020) (P. 202):
https://books.google.com/books?id=GhXzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202&dq=zeus+dios&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjIp6ulvPaDAxU9D1kFHfd3CU8Q6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=zeus%20dios&f=false
W.E.C., (1838; in The Christian Remembrancer) (Vol. 20 p. 604 notes):
2.) Uranus:
Uranus statue in the Pergamon Museum (Wikipedia):
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altar_P%C3%A9rgamo_Urano_01.JPG
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Uranus:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Uranus-mythology
Griswold (1910) (P. 31):
https://books.google.com/books?id=o_AcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA31&dq=ouranos+rain+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj10JmFxLCDAxVoLFkFHbRHA60Q6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=ouranos%20rain%20god&f=false
Cook (1914) (Vol. 1 p. 8):
https://books.google.com/books/about/Zeus.html?id=9e9gpRpZWCYC&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=US&ovdme=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
Harrison (1901; in Nut, 1901, Vol. 15) (P. 476):
Leeming (2005) (P. 128):
https://books.google.com/books?id=iPrhBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128&dq=dyeus+varuna+replaced&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiX2Mb79s-DAxUCEVkFHYJJCbwQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=dyeus%20varuna%20replaced&f=false
3.) Cronus:
Chronos by Ignaz Gunther (1765-1770) from the Bayerisches National Museum:
https://www.bayerisches-nationalmuseum.de/en/collection/highlights/00057847
The Christian Remembrancer. Volume 56. Article 8:
https://books.google.com/books?id=lr0RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA169&dq=Poseidon+sun+rising+out+of+the+ocean&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiMicmwndeEAxVfF1kFHayGAkcQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Poseidon%20sun%20rising%20out%20of%20the%20ocean&f=false
Frazer (1913) (Vol. 9 p. 353):
4.) Poseidon:
Taylor (2022; in Mankey and Taylor, 2022) (Poseidon):
https://books.google.com/books?id=tGWYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT95&dq=Potei-Dan+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi4gYzh1uCCAxUxGVkFHRAfCa8Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=Potei-Dan%20god&f=false
The Christian Remembrancer. Volume 56. Article 8:
https://books.google.com/books?id=lr0RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA169&dq=Poseidon+sun+rising+out+of+the+ocean&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiMicmwndeEAxVfF1kFHayGAkcQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Poseidon%20sun%20rising%20out%20of%20the%20ocean&f=false
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Poseidon:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Poseidon
Vida (1944):
https://fdocuments.us/document/el-elyon-in-genesis-1418-20.html?page=1
-V2:
https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/sblpress/jbl/article/63/1/1/190491
-V3:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3262503
Smith (1876):
https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Chaldean_Account_of_Genesis/wqHj8AWy9C0C?hl=en
Smith (1884) (P. 148):
https://books.google.com/books?id=us3Y7a9AhOYC&pg=PA155-IA3&dq=el+elu+deity&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9q66_0J-CAxVSFlkFHaBfAesQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=el%20elu%20deity&f=false
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Ea:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ea
Kramer (1963) (P. 197):
https://books.google.com/books?id=iY9xp4pLp88C&printsec=frontcover&dq=potei+dan+indoeuropean+god%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8t73Rv_GCAxXXv4kEHS0PAQ4Q6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=Poseidon&f=false
Burkert (1977 [1985 translation]) (PP. 136-137):
https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/136/mode/1up?view=theater
-V2:
https://books.google.com/books?id=sxurBtx6shoC&pg=PA136&dq=poteidan+sky+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5rrSq3eCCAxWiMVkFHaCVB2sQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=poteidan%20sky%20god&f=false
Seltman (1956) (P. 33):
https://archive.org/details/twelveolympianst0000char/page/33/mode/1up?q=Potei+Dan
Chadwick (1976):
https://books.google.com/books?id=RMj7M_tGaNMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mycenaean+poseidon&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjp-Nil1rOFAxXYMVkFHbTaAG0Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=mycenaean%20poseidon&f=false
Castleden (2005):
https://books.google.com/books?id=pLR-AgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=dyeus+pater+proto-indo+european+religion&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjek7W4zLOFAxWgMVkFHYLjD3c4ChDoAXoECAUQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false
Franklin (1784; in Franklin, 1788, Vol. 7):
https://books.google.com/books?id=AyhFAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Asiatic+researches+Vol.+1&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7o4bL1a2CAxV2L1kFHcRHAiEQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=Saturn&f=false
-V2:
https://books.google.com/books?id=dbaoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA250&dq=jupiter+marinus&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ4-D2hauHAxXFFVkFHY_WDCoQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=jupiter%20marinus&f=false
Hamilton (1820) (PP. 385, 387-388):
https://books.google.com/books?id=T0K_2ZGL9n0C&pg=PA388&dq=jupiter+marinus&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjr5q2Mg6uHAxUyFVkFHVxBCC0Q6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=jupiter%20marinus&f=false
Jones (1798; in Memoirs of Science and the Arts, 1798) (P. 24):
https://books.google.com/books?id=kCZZAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA2-PA24&dq=jupiter+marinus&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOtbuLhauHAxXzMVkFHSAlAi0Q6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=jupiter%20marinus&f=false
-V2:
https://archive.org/details/b28749856/page/n5/mode/2up
Archangels and Angels. Archangel Asariel-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences:
http://www.archangels-and-angels.com/aa_pages/correspondences/angel_planet/archangel_asariel.html
Thomas (1837) (P. 163):
5.) Zeus:
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Zeus:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zeus
Smith (1884) (P. 148):
https://books.google.com/books?id=us3Y7a9AhOYC&pg=PA155-IA3&dq=el+elu+deity&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9q66_0J-CAxVSFlkFHaBfAesQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=el%20elu%20deity&f=false
Jordan (2004 [2014 edition]) (P. 90):
https://books.google.com/books?id=aqDC5bwx4_wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=yahweh+aztec+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiA8paF7qGCAxVqFlkFHU2uCsgQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Enlil&f=false
Sanchoniatho. Phoenician History (Rev. Cumberland, 1720, translation):
https://books.google.com/books?id=g94TAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
-V2:
https://archive.org/details/SanchoniathosPhonicianHistory/page/n47/mode/1up
Caquot and Sznycer (1980) (P. 13):
https://books.google.com/books?id=S4geAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12&dq=Baal+beard&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjzjo7U36X3AhWKq3IEHdeiAm8Q6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Bull&f=false
Litke (1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3) (P. 42):
University of Pennsylvania. ORACC. Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses. Enlil/Ellil:
http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/enlil/index.html
Fontenrose (2022) (P. 157):
https://books.google.com/books?id=CjNnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157&dq=kronos+enlil&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxnse1m_39AhVokYkEHfhiBkwQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=kronos%20enlil&f=false
Cook (1914):
-Vol. 1:
https://books.google.com/books/about/Zeus.html?id=9e9gpRpZWCYC&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=US#v=snippet&q=chthonios&f=false
-Vol. 2:
https://books.google.com/books?id=xXzQAAAAMAAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
Brown (1877) (Vol. 1) (P. 55):
https://books.google.com/books?id=gnQBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA53&dq=iau+zeus+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfjcjQwrKCAxWVNGIAHVuoBVkQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=iau%20zeus%20god&f=false
Rev. Taylor (1833) (PP. 340-341):
https://books.google.com/books?id=QbARAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA340&dq=baal+samen&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy36qOiPj6AhW3MlkFHfxtC9AQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=baal%20samen&f=false
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Hades:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hades-Greek-mythology
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Sol:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sol-Roman-god
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Helios:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Helios-Greek-god
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Apollo:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Apollo-Greek-mythology
Dunlap (1894 [1898 edition]) (P. 77):
https://books.google.com/books?id=gY1AAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Ghebers+of+Hebron&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiWl8TH9LeEAxUWElkFHXCUBRQQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=snippet&q=Bel%20Kronos&f=false
Brown, 1898, pp. 119-120):
https://books.google.com/books?id=sBnXAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=semitic+influence+on+hellenic+mythology&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4-uGB2MWEAxXcGVkFHXANCiEQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=Kronos%20sun%20god&f=false
Rhyn (1895) (P. 7):
https://books.google.com/books?id=ktoDA4ttNfgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mysteria+history+of+the+secret+doctrines+and+mystic+rites&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiZ-tGps9aEAxUqFmIAHbioBm0Q6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=poseidon%20sun&f=false
Archangels and Angels. Archangel Sachiel-Angelic and Planetary Symbols:
http://www.archangels-and-angels.com/aa_pages/correspondences/angel_planet/archangel_sachiel.html
Livius. Zeus on a coin of Alexander the Great:
https://www.livius.org/pictures/a/alexander/zeus-on-a-coin-of-alexander-the-great/
Center for Online Judaic Studies. Zeus Coin:
https://cojs.org/zeus_coin/
Deuteronomy 32:
https://biblehub.com/nasb_/deuteronomy/32.htm
Parke-Taylor (1975 [2006 edition]) (P. 49):
https://books.google.com/books?id=XZhkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49&dq=yah+egyptian+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9oo726rCBAxUhGFkFHcnOCEYQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=yah%20egyptian%20god&f=false
Massey (1907 [2013 edition]) (Vol. 1, p. 501):
https://books.google.com/books?id=QcBYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA501&dq=iah+egyptian+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiZkIjt97v9AhX9LFkFHV1zBRQQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=iah%20egyptian%20god&f=false
-(V2) Vol. 1, pp. 498-499):
https://books.google.com/books?id=3k4XAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA498&dq=Atum+IHUH&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwim_pXZ54mCAxXwD1kFHUR9AuQQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Atum%20IHUH&f=false
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Jupiter:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jupiter-Roman-god
White (1900) (PP. 31 and 90):
https://books.google.com/books?id=HIRhDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=roman+gods+list&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJxOm1oLqBAxVxFFkFHQzdBdkQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=snippet&q=jupiter%20zeus&f=false
Genesis 17:
https://biblehub.com/nasb_/genesis/17.htm
Luke 1:
https://biblehub.com/nasb_/luke/1.htm
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Covenant:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/covenant-religion
Matthew 5:
https://biblehub.com/nasb_/matthew/5.htm
The New International Encyclopaedia (Second Edition) (1915) (Vol. 12 p. 625):
https://books.google.com/books?id=dxsoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA625&dq=iao+iaw&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi_i-yS34aHAxWjFVkFHeInClwQ6AF6BAgNEAI#v=onepage&q=iao%20iaw&f=false
Vasileiades and Gordon (2021):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349711568_Transmission_of_the_Tetragrammaton_in_Judeo-Greek_and_Christian_Sources
van Kooten (2006; in van Kooten et al., 2006) (PP. 115-116):
Kershaw (1997) (PP. 160-161):
https://archive.org/details/396241694-kris-kershaw-the-one-eyed-god-odin-and-the-indo-germanic_202111/Runes%20Aramean%20Guido%20Von%20List/396241694_Kris_Kershaw_the_One_eyed_God_Odin_and_the_Indo_Germanic/page/159/mode/1up?q=Cretan+Zeus
Litwa (2019):
https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Evil_Creator/hXU-EAAAQBAJ?hl=en
Epiphaneus. Panarion. Book 1 Section 2 Number 26. 10.1-10.3 (Williams, 2009 translation) P. 98):
https://gnosis.study/library/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0/ENG/Epiphanius%20of%20Salamis%20-%20The%20Panarion,%20Book%20I%20(Sects%201-46).pdf
10.) Prometheus:
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Prometheus:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Prometheus-Greek-god
Lang (2023) (Prometheus and Pandora [p. 3]):
https://books.google.com/books?id=_MfKEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=prometheus+creates+man&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi6wPqZrbmFAxWgP2IAHdHHA24Q6AF6BAgNEAI#v=onepage&q=prometheus%20creates%20man&f=false
Williams College. Creation Myths: Greek Creation Myth:
https://www.cs.williams.edu/~lindsey/myths/myths_16.html
Langdon (1915) (P. 31):
https://books.google.com/books?id=ll01AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA31&dq=prometheus+athena+man+creation&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOoLi8sLmFAxXUGlkFHfqlCRIQ6AF6BAgQEAI#v=onepage&q=prometheus%20athena%20man%20creation&f=false
See (2014) (P. 39):
https://books.google.com/books?id=onDwBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39&dq=prometheus+athena+man+creation&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiSqZuQsbmFAxX1M1kFHUMfAfA4ChDoAXoECAgQAg#v=onepage&q=prometheus%20athena%20man%20creation&f=false
West, Stephanie. Prometheus Orientalized. 1994. JSTOR. PP. 129, 141, and 143-144:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/24818292
11.) Hephaestus:
3.3. Atum: Saturn in Africa:
Atum (Talbott, 1980, p. 11 Figure 1):
Now, we're in Africa. I wanted to go in order of the continents, but we had to start in the Middle East in order to understand the pattern used to identify Saturn. We will use Ea as an example for identifying Saturn in Africa, and we will focus on the Egyptian pantheon.
Atum was "'born in the Abyss (Primeval Waters) before the sky existed, before the earth existed.'" He was probably called "the spirit in the Primeval Waters." He is stated as having "no companion when my name came into existence." Atum also had various names, such as Horus, Ra, Amen, and Ptah (Talbott, 1980, pp. 11-12). The Primeval Waters, or "primordial waters of chaos," was the god Nun. Atum was 'one of the manifestations of the sun and creator god." He "engendered himself and the gods," and was "the setting sun." He was depicted "as an aged figure who had to be regenerated at night, to appear as Khepri at dawn and as Re during the sun's zenith." Atum was also assimilated into Re (Ra) as "Re-Atum," along with the god Khepri (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Atum) (Luckert, 1991, p 65).
Khepri was "the god of the morning sun," is "an aspect of the sun god Re," and is symbolized by the scarab beetle (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Khepri, para. 1). The scarab was also a symbol of Yahavah in Judea. Taylor (1993) said that there were sun emblems with "lmlk" on Judean jar handles. The emblems are a sun disk with two wings, and a "four-winged scarab," (p. 20). Interestingly enough, Khepri was considered to be a creator god whose story equates with Atum's. Khepri "arose from the primeval chaos, Nun, and created the universe." In another version of that story, Re created the universe as Khepri. After the creation of the universe, Khepri fathered the gods Shu and Tefnut "with his own shadow," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Khepri, para. 4). No wonder Khepri was equated to Atum.
In Tablet 1 of the Enuma Elish, Enki kills the "progenitor" father god Apsu, and lives inside him. Apsu is the "deified underground waters," (Horowitz, 1998, pp. 109-111). This coincides with Ea being the "Lord of Apsu/Abzu" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ea, para. 2). Apsu is the underground water, and Nun was the primordial waters. Nun is also stated to be the "father of Re, the sun god," and "he represented the waters of chaos out of which Re-Atum began creation," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Nun). Enki created man by using a creature and the clay of the abyss (Kramer, 1944 [1961 edition], Ch. 2, pp. 69-70). Hayay lives inside Apsu, and Atum lives inside Nun. Enki mother was also Nammu, "the primeval sea" (Kramer, 1944 [1961 edition], Ch. 2, pp. 69-70). Atum is the setting sun. Ea-Enki was also the setting sun (Jacob, 2005, pp. 164-165, 181-182).
Tem (Atum) was also stated to have had a trinity, made up of the gods Shu and Tefnut, "According to one tradition," (Budge, 1923, p. 58). Tefnut is a goddess (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Shu). Once again, the god and the goddess are the same individual.
Amon, also spelled as Ammon, Amun, Amen, and Amana, was the "king of the gods." He was "identified with the sun god Re," and became "Amon-Re." Amon-Re was personified as a human "sometimes with a ram's head," or just "as a ram." Amon means "the Hidden One, and his image was painted blue to denote invisibility." Aside from Re, Amon was equated to Ptah. The three gods either "formed a triad," or Re and Ptah became "manifestations" of Amon. Amon "was linked to Jupiter," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Amon). Amun, Re, and Ptah, were equated in "the Leiden Hymn to Amun-Re," (Rea, 2020, Vol. 1 p. 175). Amun, or Amun-Ra, was Baal Hammon in Carthage, and Zeus in Greece. Both gods were "depicted with ram's horns," (Thomas, 2019; in Thomas and Alanamu, 2019, p. 45) (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1 pp. 348-349). In other words, Amon was the god of the Ammonites! Baal Hammon "is shown as a bearded old man wearing ram's horns on his head," and is represented as a bull in the Canaanite religion (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2013 edition], p. 87). In Thebes, Amen-Ra was called "Zeus Thebaieus" (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1 pp. 347-348, and 387). Amon was both Cronus, and Zeus.
Amun and Seth have an interesting relationship. During the New Kingdom of Egypt, Seth was the "desert heat emanation" of Amun. Yahweh was also seen as an amalgamation of Amun and Seth, called "Yahweh-Amon-Seth" (Luckert, 1991, pp. 129 and 131). The ram that represented Amun came from Montu/Seth, representing war (Pope, 2016, p. 98). Shaw (1901) said that Amun and Seth were basically "the same deity." Amun was an "invisible god," and Seth was "the celestial phenomena, principally the sun" (p. 21). Amun and Seth were both storm gods, and an inscription from Tjekerbaal puts the two gods together as making "'thunder in the sky'." Baal and Seth were both considered to be the "son of Amun," and Baal was probably both Seth and Amun (Smith, 2008 [2010 edition], p. 71; note 138; p. 72). "Seal amulets" also bear the names of Amun and Seth together. There seems to be an equation between "Egyptian solar divinity and" the "West Semitic storm-god" (p. 72). A stela from 1290-1224 BC (Ramesside time) shows Seth and Amun facing each other, holding w3s-sceptres, and having bull tails. An inscriptions has Amun as the "lord of the roads," and Seth as the "lord of the sky" (Cornelius, 1994, pp. 66-67).
All of the Egyptian gods were emanations of Atum (Luckert, 1991, p. 129). In fact, there are inscriptions that link Atum and Amun together. According to Geisen (2019), during the reign of Senworset 1st, "the name Atum-Amun or Atum-Amun-Ra" was stated "three times," (in Geisen, 2019, p. 56 note 41). Rea (2020) also stated that Amun-Re was syncretized to Atum, creating the name "Amun-Re-Atum," (Vol. 1 p. 175). Atum was also a hidden god, like Amun (Luckert, 1991, p. 47). Inscriptions from the time of Ramses the Second equate Atum-Tum and Ra to Amun (Buxton, 1892, pp. 77-78; p. 78 note 1). Not only was Atum Saturn, but he was also Jupiter.
Atum was even equated to the Christian god "by Christian theologians." Atum was equated to the Father, Shu was equated to the Son, and Mahet was equated to the Holy Spirit (Luckert, 1991, p. 50).
Atum was the African version of Ea.
The other names of Atum are:
1.) Shu:
Shu (center, bottom) holding the sky goddess (above) from the earth god (below Shu) from the British Museum (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Shu):
The Egyptian god Shu is the god of the air/atmosphere/wind, and is the son of Atum/Ra-Atum-Khepra (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Shu) (Shorter, 2009, p. 7) (Budge, 1969 [2013 edition], p. 66) (Clair, 1898, pp. 141, 150, 207, and 314). It has also been stated that Shu presented the sun disk/Aten to Akhenaten when he became pharaoh (p. 71). Shu was been stated as being Aten, and the sun god Ra-Harakhte, as well (Studies in Biblical Theology, 1967 [1973 edition], p. 70) (Budge, 1969 [2013 edition], p. 71). Shu was also the "supporter of heaven, the sun, and the moon" (Clair, 1898, p. 66). He separated the sky (Neith) and earth (Nu) from each other. Nu is the male god (p. 175). Jacob (2005) said that Ellil-Enlil is Shu (pp. 97 and 181). This would make Shu the Egyptian equivalent of Cronus.
Tefnut was Shu's "sister and companion," and she was the "goddess of moisture," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Shu). Atum, Shu, and Tefnut, were a trinity in one tradition (Budge, 1923, p. 58).
Interestingly, Shu was equated to Jesus "by Christian theologians." In fact, Atum was equated to the Father, Shu was equated to the Son, and Mahet was equated to the Holy Spirit (Luckert, 1991, p. 50).
2.) Ptah-Seker-Osiris:
Ptah statuette holding the emblems of life and power (600-100 B.C.) from the British Museum (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ptah):
%20from%20British%20Museum%20(Encyclopaedia%20Britannica).png)
To my surprise, Ea was equated to a god named Kothar wa Hasis. Jones (2009) said that, while Ea and El have similarities, Ea is "explicitly identified [...] with Kothar wa-Hasis." This is "In the Syrian and Canaanite pantheon lists," (p. 84; note 248). In the trilingual WGL god list from Ugarit, Ea, with his names spelled as Aya and Eyan, was Kotaru/Kothar (Tugendhaft, 2016; in Grafton and Most, 2016, p. 173; p. 175 Table 8.1; p. 180). Kothar, or Kothar-wa-Hasis/Khasis, is the "ancient West Semitic god of crafts, equivalent to the Greek god Hephaestus." He was equated to "the Egyptian god Ptah," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Kothar). Hephaestus was the Greek "god of fire." He was called Vulcan in Rome. He was the son of Hera and Zeus, and "A blacksmith and craftsman." He was symbolized by the "volcanic or gaseous fires," which "were often considered to be his workshops," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Hephaestus). The Egyptian god Ptah was a "creator-god and maker of things, a patron of craftsman, especially sculptors," and "a mortuary god" that was represented as a mummy. He was equated to Hephaestus-Vulcan, and he was equated to Seker/Soker and Osiris "to form Ptah-Seker-Osiris." Ptah also had a bull called Apis, which "was called a manifestation of the god who gave oracles," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ptah).
Aside from being Zeus' son, Hephaestus-Vulcan was Zeus himself. Sanchoniatho said that Hephaestus-Vulcan, also called Chysor, was called Zeus Michius. The name Zeus Michius was also spelled as Diamichius. Zeus Michius means "Machinator, the great inventor or engineer," (Phoenician History [Rev. Cumberland, 1720, translation], p. 26). Mushet (1837) said that "Sol (or Helios), Saturn, Jupiter (surnamed Ammon) , and Vulcan, were all one; being titles of the chief deity,-the sun," (pp. 235-236). Finally, Smith (2020) said that Kothar and El could be "differentiations of the wise god, Ea-Enki, and possibly as divine instantiations of their very names." The same could be said for "Baal, Yamm, and Mot, as well as Shapshu and Yarih," (in Ferrara and Huffmon, 2020, p. 49 note 115).
The Lord's Prayer also originated from Ptah. "Pater Noster," or "Ptah Noster," means "Our Father," and Ptah means "Father" (Glorian, The Prayer of the Lord). Ptah was also "Dyas (Dyaus) or Zeus to the Greeks and later "pater" (father) to the Romans: Ptah, Father, "Father-Race," (Mehler, 2002, p. 180).
Ptah means "Father" (Glorian, The Prayer of the Lord, Ptah, para. 4-5):
Ptah is Dyaus-Zeus (Mehler, 2002, p. 180):
3.) Khnum:
Khnum (sitting) from the Valley of the Queens in Thebes, Egypt (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Khnum):
Khnum was the "ancient Egyptian god of fertility, associated with water and with procreation." He is credited with creating man "out of clay like a potter," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Khnum). Khnum is a ram god that was assimilated into Re (Ra), being called “Khnum-Re/Ra” (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, p. 346) (Meyersohn, 2023, The Arrival: Assembly of the seven was described in the Book of Genesis) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Khnum). He was also equated to the "solar god Her-shef," and "another local form of Ra (in Mendes), namely Ba-neb-Tettu, 'the Ram, lord of Tettu'," (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, pp. 346-347). Khemu (Khnum) was also "a form of Shu" in "Upper Egypt and Heliopolis." Other gods Khnum was equated to where Ptah, Nu, and others (Budge, 1969 [2013 edition], p. 66).
Khnum and Amen also shared characteristics, like sharing different ram horn designs (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1 p. 347). Khnum being represented by the ram, and equated to the god Shu, makes him Saturn.
Khnum was “the great god of Elephantine” (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, p. 346) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Khnum). Yahavoh was also worshipped in a temple on Elephantine Island (Cornell, 2019, para. 3) (Schipper, 2020, The Persian Period, 5.4: Egypt and the "Jewish/Arameans" of Elephantine) (Kent, 2020, p. 12) (Meyersohn, 2023, The Arrival: Assembly of the seven was described in the Book of Genesis), which is in Nubia (Pope, 2016, p. 106). Interestingly, the Hebrews there were Judeans that were polytheistic. The goddess Anat was worshipped there, and the name “Anat-Yahu” was found in an Aramaic document from the island (Cornell, 2019, para. 4-5) (Schipper, 2020, The Persian Period, 5.4: Egypt and the "Jewish/Arameans" of Elephantine). The Judeans there lived alongside other ethnic people, like Egyptians and Arameans (Cornell, 2019, para. 2) (Schipper, 2020, The Persian Period, 5.4: Egypt and the "Jewish/Arameans" of Elephantine). Yahavoh was worshipped alongside the other male gods “Khnum, Sati, Bel, Nabu, Shamash, and Nergal” (Schipper, 2020, The Persian Period, 5.4: Egypt and the "Jewish/Arameans" of Elephantine). The Judeans living there seemed to have shared the same religious practices with Khnum’s worshippers (Meyersohn, 2023, The Arrival: Assembly of the seven was described in the Book of Genesis). One example is that Khnum made man out of clay or dust, just like Yahavoh did in Genesis (Hillel, 2006, p. 94) (Genesis 2:7).
Khnum creating man out of clay, like Yahavoh did (Hillel, 2006, p. 94):
There's a statue that "originally depicted Seth," but was "modified to represent Khnum or Amun" (University of Pennsylvania, Discentes, 2023, Figure 9) (Johnson, 2017, p. 125).
Seth/Khnum/Amun bronze statue (University of Pennsylvania, Discentes, 2023, Figure 9):
It should also be noted that Shu, the god of the air (and the Egyptian Cronus), was also represented as a ram (Budge, 1969 [2013 edition], p. 66). Another name for Khnum is Banebdjedet, the "northern equivalent" of the god. He is also identified with "Ra-Atum, Shu, Geb, and Osiris." This made Osiris a sun god (Pinch, 2004, p. 114).
4.) Seth:
Seth of Nubt (5th Dynasty) from the
Egyptian Museum of Berlin (
University of Pennsylvania, Discentes, 2023, Figure 1):
According to Blavatsky (1891), in the 2nd century BC, it was said that the Jews had a "'golden head of an ass'" in their temple. Antiochus Epiphanes took it away. According to The Gospel of the Birth of Mary, an introduction to said gospel had Zacharias (father of John the Baptist) seeing a "man in the form of an ass" in the Jewish temple. Zacharias tried to tell everybody, but he lost his voice. When he regained it, he told the other Jews but this led to him getting murdered by them. The ass (donkey) is associated with the Egyptian god Set or Seth, who is the same Seth that was the third son of Adam (p. 523; notes) (The Gospel of the Birth of Mary [Platt, Jr., 1926 translation, p. 17]) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Seth, para. 3) (Genesis 4:25). Wake (1888) stated this too, saying that the Semites, who are the descendants of Shem, one of the three sons of Noah (Genesis 10:1, 21-31 [BSB] [NIV]), saw themselves as the descendants of Seth (both the god and the son of Adam). Seth was also a solar deity, and the "kings and priests" that worshipped him called themselves "'children of the sun'." In fact, Seth was a "serpent sun-god" (pp. 99-100). Seth was also the god of the Hyksos. Blavatsky also notes that the Israelites worshipped Baal/Dionysus, and "performed the Dionysian mysteries" (p. 523; notes). The sun god of the Syrians, Egyptians, and Semites, whom Blatvasky says is El, is also Seth. This would also link Seth to the god Saturn and the Israelites. Siva is also Bel/Baal. Thus, Saturn, El, and Seth, are all the same deity: Typhon the Destroyer (p. 524).
According to Velde (1967), the Hittites worshipped Shamash, Teshub, and Seth (pp. 119-120). Baal and Seth seem to have been the god of the Hyksos (pp. 118, 120, 122, and 128). Shamash, also called Utu, was the Mesopotamian sun god, son of the moon god Sin, and his symbol was the sun disk. He was also the god of justice, and he was the god that gave king Hammurabi laws (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Shamash). Smith (1884) said that Shamas (Shamash), Vul/Rimmon/Yav/Yahavoh, were all originally the same deity: El. However, El became "substituted" by Vul/Yahavoh (p. 148). Adad and Shamash seem to have been equated as "Shamshi-Adad" (or Shamash-Adad) (Smith, 1927, Vol. 1, pp. 532-533). Sin was most likely the Egyptian moon god Iah (Hart, 2005, p. 77), and Enlil (Carus, 1904, p. 92 note 4). Zeus/Jupiter was also a sky god (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Jupiter, para. 1) (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, pp. 1, 8-9). Looks like Enlil/Shu/Cronos/Zeus/Jupiter/Baal were all the same individual.
Assmann (2003) said that the Hyksos, in the Ramesside times, became monotheists by worshipping Seth only (p. 228):
The Israelites, Hyksos, and Hittites, all worshipped Seth. In fact, according to the Semites, Seth became their ancestor since they saw him as the same Seth that was Adam's son from Genesis! Seth was also a sun god, a serpent god, and used the donkey as one of his symbols. Most, or some, of the kings of the Hyksos had Semitic names (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Hyksos, para. 1) (Seters, 1966 [2010 edition], pp. 181-183) (Kaiser, 1998, p. 81), although King Apophis' name is Egyptian (p. 182). Josephus even equated the Hyksos with the Hebrews (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Hyksos, para. 1), but the name Hyksos is probably just a term used to describe foreign rulers (foreigners to the Egyptians) (Seters, 1966 [2010 edition], p. 187). Some people believe that the Hyksos were the Israelites that left Egypt during the Exodus (Harris, 2015, p. 96), but others say that it was the Shasu who were the Israelites during the Exodus (Harris, 2015, p. 96) (Titus, 2019, p. 189). The Hyksos also equated Seth with (Baal) Hadad (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Hyksos, para. 2) (Kaiser, 1998, p. 81).
In some Egyptian writings, Seth, Baal Haddu, and El Elyon, had been described as sending storms and diseases on the Egyptians when they were defeating the Hyksos. In the In the Rhind Papyrus and Tempest stele, Seth/Baal Haddu is said to have sent a storm, or storms, during the Theban campaign and rule of Pharaoh Ahmose. In the Hearst Medical Papyrus, El Elyon was blamed for sending a disease ("black skin lesions") upon the Egyptians. This disease was blamed upon the Western Semites as well (Weinstein, 2021, Native Egyptian Overthrow of the Hyksos 15th Dynasty: 3. Natural Disasters). Baal Haddu was also Hadad, and Adad (Fant and Reddish, 2008, pp. 81-82). Baal Haddu-Hadad-Adad, Seth, and El Elyon, both caused a storm, or storms, and a disease, to fall upon the Egyptians on behalf of the Hyksos. More than likely, they are all the same individual, and are Ea-Enki-Yahavoh.
Seth, and the god Horus, are typically depicted as separate, and enemy, deities. The story is that Seth murdered Osiris, and Isis (Osiris' sister and wife) conceived Horus and he fought Seth out of revenge (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Seth, para. 5). However, it seems that Seth and Horus were "'two faces'" of the same deity, represented by "a human with both a falcon head and a Seth-head," as stated "in the Second Hour of the Amduat and the Tenth Hour of the Book of Gates" (Klotz, 2006, p. 90):
Statue of Ramses 3 between Horus (left) and Seth (right) (
The Egyptian Museum of Cairo):
In Exodus 4:20, Moses, his wife, and his sons, rode a donkey back to Egypt. Interestingly, in Exodus 34:19-20, Yahavoh demands that the "firstborn from every womb" should be given to him. However, the firstborn of a donkey shall be "redeemed with a lamb." Yahavoh/the angel of the LORD "opened the mouth of the donkey" (possessed the donkey?) of Balaam in Numbers 22:22-30. In Judges 15:16-17, Samson "killed a thousand men" with the "jawbone of a donkey." In the Gospels, Jesus rides a donkey into Jerusalem (Matthew 21:1-11) (Mark 11:1-10) (Luke 19:28-40) (John 12:12-19). As stated before, in
The Gospel of the Birth of Mary, Yahavoh is described as a donkey god.
Romer (2015) said that Seth was an "aggressive god, a god of war," but also a "companion and protector of the sun god." The gods Seth, Re, Amon, Baal, Teshub, and Jeu, were either partnered together (Seth, Re, and Amon), or they were the same individual (Seth, Baal, Teshub, and Yahavoh). The sun, war, and storm, gods, were assimilated into Yahavoh in Jerusalem (p. 49). Encyclopaedia Britannica also said that Seth was the "master of storms, disorder, and warfare" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Seth, para. 4). Re (Ra) was the Archangel Michael (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Michael-Angelic and Planetary Symbols), so it seems that Ra is Seth. Amon, also called Amon-Ra, is the Archangel Sachiel/Zeus (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Sachiel-Angelic and Planetary Symbols). As stated before, the sun and storm god were the same individual before they were split. Yahavoh was also a warrior (Exodus 15:3).
Seth is Siva, Saturn, Shamash-Utu, Teshub, Baal, Typhon, Ra, Amun, Yahavoh, Shu, and Enlil. This
means that Seth was also Cronus. Siva is also spelled Shiva, and is a Hindu deity. He also has power over snakes, and is "Lord of Cattle" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Shiva, para. 1-2).
Yahavoh and Seth are basically identical to each other. The Bible shows that Yahavoh was a big fan of donkeys, and the imagery was also associated with Jesus (at least, in the modern-day gospels). To top it off, Litwa (2021) said that Yahavoh had been equated as a "donkey god" or "donkey demon," which was "a form of the Egyptian god Seth." (p. 17). In The Birth of Mary, Zechariah, the father of John the Baptist, saw Jeu with the "face or form of a donkey" (p. 16). Zechariah tried to warn the people, but Jeu tried to mute him. Still, Zachariah managed to tell the people. Unfortunately, out of anger, the people killed Zachariah (pp. 16-17). Set was also equated to El as Setel/Set-El/El Sadi (El Shadday) (Dunlap, 1894, p. 228 note 2). Seth, Baal Adad-Hadad-Haddu, El, and Yahavoh, are the same god. Once again, this confirms Seth to be Saturn.
Finally, Seth was called Iaw-Iao. On the "magical gem; intaglio" gem from the British Museum, it depicts Seth with the name "Iaw" underneath his left arm. Seth is holding an ankh in his right hand, and a "staff and flail" in his left hand. There are also two "six-ray" stars, and a "crescent" moon, surrounding Seth. There are also four archangels inscribed on the gem as well: Michael, Gabriel, Uriel, and Suriel (British Museum, magical gem; intaglio, Description; Inscriptions) (Litwa, 2019, pp. 31-32; p. 32 Figure 1.2). Seth is Iaw-Iao, just like Zeus and Hayay are. In fact, Litwa (2019) said that the gem depicts "Seth-Yahweh," (p. 32 Figure 1.2). According to LiDonnici (2007), the "similarity between" the "two words" Iao, and the "Egyptian words pronounced '3 ('a-a')," express "various states of greatness, hugeness, and power," but they are also "the noun for donkey, which from Coptic appears to have been pronounced EIW, EW, IW, EW (eio, eow, iow, eo)," (in LiDonnici and Lieber, 2007, p. 94). Remember that "a-a" is also the spelling of the name Ea (AA and a-a).
In my opinion, it sounds like saying the name Ea (a-a) was equivalent to saying Iao or '3 in Egyptian and links the Hebrew god to the donkey and Seth. This explains why the Egyptian Tetragrammaton is YHAO, and why the Egyptians associated the Hebrew god (El Elyon and Baal Hadad) to Seth!
Seth on magical gem; intaglio (
British Museum, magical gem; intaglio):
Gem from Litwa (2019) (P. 32 Figure 1.2):
Finally, Seth has been equated to the setting sun. Seth is associated with the color "red, for this is the last hue of the setting sun," (Forlong, 1906, Vol. 3 p. 53). Forlong also stated that the donkey was a symbol of the sun. Seth, Osiris, and "Assyrian demons," are represented by the donkey (p. 44). Seth being the setting sun equates him to Atum.
According to the Phibionite Christian sect, Seth is the demon of the planet Venus (Litwa, 2019, p. 34; Figure 1.4). The Archangel Anael was the archangel of Venus (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Anael-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences).
5.) Osiris-Iah:
Osiris-Iah (The Met Museum, Osiris-Iah):
Osiris, also called Usiri and Usir, is "one of the most important gods of ancient Egypt." In the Egyptian religion, Osiris was killed by Seth. One version of this story ended with Osiris "reincarnated" as the god "Apis." Osiris was "a personification of chthonic (underworld) fertility," and "the embodiment of the dead and resurrected king." The "holy bull," called "Apis, was linked with Osiris, becoming Osiris-Apis." This god would later be called "Serapis" in the Hellenistic period. Osiris was also equated to Dionysus, and Soker (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Osiris) (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2021 edition], p. 367). Cook (1914) said that "Sarapis was originally the Babylonian god Ea," and that the original title "sar apsi" meant "'King of the Ocean, King of the Deep Sea,'" (Vol. 1 p. 188 note 2).
Osiris has also been equated to another deity called Asher, or Asshur. In the Tanakh, Yahavah said to Moses "I am that I am" (Exodus 3:14 [Interlinear]). The word "asher" apparently means "that" (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 834. asher), or is usually translated as "'who, that, which'" (Propp, 1998, endnote 3). However, Propp (1998) said that asher might be the name of the god Asher, also called Asshur, who is also Osiris. Asherah is the wife of Asher, just as Elah is Asherah's name when she is married to El. Therefore, Exodus 3:14 should be translated as "I am Asher, I am." Another interesting word in the Tanakh is ashrey, which is the "majestic dual of 'Asher" (endnote 3):
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I'm guessing that ashrey means multiple individuals? If so, then perhaps Ashrey are to Asher what the Elohim are to El. They were individuals, most likely other deities, that served Asher. Albright (1925), whom Propp cites as well, said that the divinity (god) Asir is the god that the Assyrians named their city after ("Ausar-Assur"), and eventually became the name of the tribe of Aser. Asir is also Osiris, and Aserah-Asirat is originally "merely a variant of Asir" (p. 99). Dunlap (1894 [1898 edition]) said that Asar, or Isar, is Osiris and "Azar (Mars)." Asar must be Asir/Asher/Asshur. Dunlap also said that Asar is El and Saturn (p. 77). Cook (1914) said that Ashur, the god of Assyria, was Zeus. He was called Zeus Assyrios. Ashur was represented being inside a solar winged disk or wheel. The Persian god Auramazda (or Ahura Mazda), also called Zeus Oromasdes, is also pictured inside the same winged disk (Vol. 1, pp. 207-208). Harwood (2017) said that Exodus 3:14 should be "I am Osiris, I am":
Smith (1876) said that Anu was Lahma and Sar/Assur (pp. 54-55, 66, and 68). Anuum is equated to Ansar, Lahma, and Lahama, on the
An = Anum list. Ansar (Assur), has also been equated to Enlil on the list (Litke, 1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3, pp. 21-22, and 39) (Smith, 1876, p. 66). Ansar is Asshur (Spence, 1916, p. 210). Osiris is also An (Anu) and Asar, and was equated to Dionysus and Hades (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2021 edition], p. 152-153, and 367). Therefore, Anuum, Enlil, Hades, and Dionysus, are Osiris.
As stated before, the names "Iao" and "Iah" have been associated with Hayah. Iah was also equated to Osiris. There is a statue called Osiris-Iah, where Osiris has the moon on his head. This makes Osiris a moon god (The Met Museum, Osiris-Iah). Iah was actually "syncretized with Osiris." Their name was "Asar-Aah," according to Budge. Iah was similar to "the Sumerian god Ea as well," and was "equated with Yahweh," (Murdoch, 2014, p. 430). Coulter and Turner (2000) called the god "Osiris-Aah" ([2021 edition], p. 367). Ea-Enki, as a result of being associated with the bull, "must sometimes be a lunar god" (Bois, 2010, p. 363; note 370).
Another god of the moon is Thoth (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Thoth, para. 1), who was also Hermes (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Thoth, para. 2) (Boylan, 1922, p. 102 note 1; p. 140) (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Raphael-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences). Hermes was also a moon god (Boylan, 1922, pp. 140-141).
Zeus also has a connection to the moon. In Greece, Zeus was typically equated with the moon goddess. This is because the Greeks "consistently regarded the moon as feminine." However, "in quasi-Greek districts," Zeus is shown as a moon god. A few coins ("tetradrachms"), from 126-96 BC, show Zeus with the crescent moon above his head (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, pp. 730-732; p. 731 Figures 538-539).
Archangel Gabriel (St. Gabriel Catholic Church, St. Gabriel the Archangel):
The Archangel Gabriel is represented by the moon (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Gabriel-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences).
6.) Aten:
Akhenaten and his family under the Aton (or Aten) sun disk (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aton, Akhenaten and Nefertiti, mid-14th century B.C.E.):
Aten was originally a "falcon-headed man." Eventually, it became the sun disk, with "its rays ending in hands reaching out to the royal family" (Stevens, n.d., para. 3). Amerikos (2015) said that the Aten sun disk later transformed "into a sun disk with wings" (p. 6). Aten was also "an all-male trinity" of three sun gods: "Ra, Horus, and Aten" (p. 5). Aten was seen as a god of "fertility and prosperity" (Stevens, n.d., para. 4). Aten became the main god of Pharaoh Akhenaten/Iknaten, who was originally called Amenhotep 4 (para. 1-2, and 6) (Amerikos, 2015, p. 5). Akhenaten tried to turn Egypt's polytheistic religion into a monotheistic one (p. 6) (Stevens, n.d., para. 1 and 6), which garnered him so much hatred that the Egyptians tried to remove his memory (Amerikos, 2015, pp. 5-6).
Yahavah was also called Adonay (or Adonai), which also meant "Lord" (Dawson, 1888, p. 369 note 1) (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew: 136. Adonay). The word Adonai might've came from Aten-Aton-Adon (Dawson, 1888, p. 369) (Gertoux, n.d., Abstract) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aton). Freud also stated this, and said that Aton might also be Atum, but admitted that he didn't have enough expertise, or information, to make this entirely valid (Freud, 1939, pp. 41-42). Coulter and Turner (2000 [2013 edition]) said that Aten was spelled "Aton, Adon, and Atum," and was also the gods "Horus, Khepri, Re-Ra, Ra-Harakhte, Shu, and Tem." Aten was also represented as a "falcon with speckled wings" (p. 79). This would make Aten the god of air/atmosphere, and the sun. Adonai/Adon was equated to the gods Adonis, Elioun (Elyon), and Tammouz (Tammuz) (Soury, 1881, p. 56). Interestingly, there is a demon in the Gnostic Phibionite religion called Adonaeus. It is associated with the planet Mars (Epiphaneus, Panarion [Williams, 2009 translation], Book 1 Section 2 Number 26. 10.1-10.3 [p. 98]) (Litwa, 2019, p. 34).
Massey (1907) stated that Iu/HUHI (Egyptian name for Yhvh) was both Atum and Aten. According to "the Stele of Excommunication," Tum (Atum; probably Tem) is stated to be the creator god, and the "'duplicate of Aten'." The Jews called their god Adon instead of IHUH. Aten is Adon/Iu. Interestingly, Massey says that Atum would be "god the father," and "Aten the Nefer-Atum, the Repa, or royal son." In other words, Aten is the "son of Atum-Ra" (Vol. 1, pp. 498, 503, and 511). Atum-Iu was also the "lion of Judah" (p. 503), and Atum-Ra is HUHI/IHUH (Yhvh) (p. 498). Aten was also called "Aten Ra, the deity of the solar disk." Ra was also Horus Ra, Amen Ra, Har Machu, and Tum (Cooper, 1877, p. 4). Ra was also represented by the bull, called "Mnves 'The Bull of Heaven'" (Boi, 2010, p. 363). Seems that Atum, Aten, Re-Ra, Horus, and Shu, were the same individual. Aten was also called Yati (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aton). A phrase describing Aten-Yati, from the time of Amenophis 4th (Akhenaten), equated him to Re-Harakhte and Shu (Studies in Biblical Theology, 1967 [1973 edition], p. 70) (Budge, 1969 [2013 edition], p. 71) (Manniche, 2010, p. 108). Following this train of thought, it seems very possible that Akhenaten was Moses. That will be a story for another time though.
The Egyptian gods Seth and Shu were equated together in some Egyptian religious "city-cults," and were considered to be the "only one born of the monotheistic Aten" (Martin, Jr., 2021, p. 44). Both Seth and Shu were represented by the jackal (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Seth, para. 3) (Clair, 1898, p. 143). Seth was also described as having "a falcon head and crowned with the solar disk," on the Dakhla Stela (Bagnall and Tallet, 2019, p. 94). At the Hibis Temple, Seth is "depicted with wings and a falcon head" (Klotz, 2006, p. 90). Seth also created, or "gave birth to," the sun disk by having it come out of his head (Wyatt, 2001, p. 217) (National Geographic Books, 2008, p. 81) (Saeed, 2016; from Price et al., 2016, Section 2, Ch. 10). Aten is the sun disk (Budge, 1969 [2013 edition], p. 68), so Seth created the Aten! Shu is the god of the air/atmosphere/wind, and is the son of Atum (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Shu) (Shorter, 2009, p. 7) (Budge, 1969 [2013 edition], p. 66) (Clair, 1898, pp. 141, 150, 207, and 314). It has also been stated that Shu presented the sun disk/Aten to Akhenaten when he became pharaoh (Budge, 1969 [2013 edition], p. 71). As noted above, Shu was equated to being Aten as well. Shu was also the "supporter of heaven, the sun, and the moon" (p. 66). Typhos/Set-Typhon was represented by "a Golden Bull," and "Set is evidently the Sungod" and "was also regarded as flame (fire)." He"is the burning, destructive, Solar force, the red Typhon" (Dunlap, 1894, pp. 196 and 228 note 2).
Tem (Atum) came out of Nemu/Nu, but also "dwelt in the Solar Disk (Aten)," (Budge, 1923, p. 58). This officially equates Aten to Atum, and Saturn. It seems that, originally, "Tem or Tem-Ra or Khepra," created the Aten. However, Amenhotep the 4th (Akhenaten) changed this tradition to Aten being "self-created and self -subsistent," (p. 80). Atum was another god stated to have been the creator of the Aten. Atum, Shu, Seth, and Aten, were the same god.
King Hezekiah's (left) and Isaiah's (right) bullae/seals (Ngo, 2018):
The bullae/seals of Isaiah and the Judahite King Hezekiah were discovered at the Temple Mount (old Jewish 2nd temple) (Ngo, 2018, para. 1-3) (Shuster, 2018, para. 2). On Hezekiah's bulla/seal, the symbol of "a two-winged sun disk flanked by ankh symbols" (Ngo, 2018, para. 3) (Shuster, 2018). Is this Yahavah's symbol? If so, this is similar to the sun disk that represents the Aten! It has been noted before that solar worship was conducted by the Israelites (Taylor, 1993, Synopsis; Ch. 1, Introduction, p. 19). Archaeological evidence also includes more sun emblems with "lmlk" on Judean jar handles. The emblems are a sun disk with two wings, and a "four-winged scarab." In the Tanakh, Yahavah is called "semes," which means sun. This is in Psalm 84 (p. 20). Taylor believes that there is a close relationship between Yahavah and the sun, even so that Yahavah might even have been the sun itself (p. 22). Psalm 84:11 states that "the LORD God is a sun and a shield." Massey (1907) said that IHUH (Yhvh/Yahavah) was a solar god (Vol. 1 p. 499).
Another figure that is equated with the sun is the Archangel Michael (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Michael-Angelic and Planetary Symbols). In Deuteronomy 32:8-12, Jeu was chosen to watch over Jacob/Israel (the Israelites). In Daniel 12:1, Michael is the prince that guards over Daniel's people (Israelites). Michael was also a warrior angel, and probably the leader of the "celestial armies," which makes sense with Yahavah being called "LORD of armies/host." Michael is also the first angel created by "God," and the leader of the Archangels (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Michael-Angelic and Planetary Symbols, Miscellaneous Information). Michael is also the gods Apollo, Aten, Brighid, Helios, Sol, Ra, Savitar, and Thor (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Michael-Angelic and Planetary Symbols).
Archangel Michael in
The Fall of the Rebel Angels by Luca Giordano (1666) (
Wikipedia, Michael [archangel]):
6.) Conclusion:
In summation, Atum was Saturn in Africa. He is the African version of Ea.
Links:
1.) Atum:
Talbott (1980) (PP. 11-12):
https://archive.org/details/TalbottDavidTheSaturnMyth1980/page/n10/mode/1up?q=Atum&view=theater
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Atum:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Atum#:~:text=Atum%2C%20in%20ancient%20Egyptian%20religion,to%20the%20deity%20Re%2DAtum.
Horowitz (1998) (PP. 109-111):
https://books.google.com/books?id=P8fl8BXpR0MC&pg=PA111&dq=Apsu+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMyMXJ1eSCAxVWMlkFHaD-BPoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Apsu%20god&f=false
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Nun:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nun-Egyptian-god
Kramer (1944 [1961 edition]) (Ch. 2 PP. 69-70):
https://sacred-texts.com/ane/sum/index.htm
Budge (1923):
https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRWDlrPY0ycC&printsec=frontcover&dq=shu+who+is+in+the+aten&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwibmrbuqOuFAxUeEVkFHQ-gDlQQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=shu%20who%20is%20in%20the%20aten&f=false
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Khepri:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khepri
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Shu:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shu-Egyptian-god
Geisen (2019; in Geisen, 2019) (P. 56 note 41):
https://books.google.com/books?id=x1DcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56&dq=Atum+Amun&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEl6zo8p-HAxW5MlkFHc-HAgkQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Atum%20Amun&f=false
Rea (2020) (Vol. 1 p. 175):
https://books.google.com/books?id=NIoIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA175&dq=Atum+Amun&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEl6zo8p-HAxW5MlkFHc-HAgkQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=Atum%20Amun&f=false
Buxton (1892) (PP. 77-78):
2.) Shu:
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Shu:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shu-Egyptian-god
Shorter (2009) (PP. 7 and 89):
https://books.google.com/books?id=dF-Yqquylv8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=shu+sun+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwtvuezOSBAxVtFlkFHZsRBwoQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=shu%20sun%20god&f=false
Budge (1969 [2013 edition]) (P. 66):
https://books.google.com/books?id=gbAAAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=shu+sun+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwtvuezOSBAxVtFlkFHZsRBwoQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=shu%20sun%20god&f=false
Link 2:
https://ia802902.us.archive.org/35/items/TheGodsOfTheEgyptians-vol2-bySamySalah_182/TheGodsOfTheEgyptiansByE.aWallisBudgeVol_iiBySamySalah.pdf
Clair (1898):
https://books.google.com/books?id=F7EVAAAAYAAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&dq=St.+Clair,+Creation+Records&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Studies in Biblical Theology (1967 [1973 edition]) (P. 70):
https://books.google.com/books?id=bIUWAAAAMAAJ&q=Aten+Yati&dq=Aten+Yati&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjKh5PWwoeCAxXJFVkFHd1wC6wQ6AF6BAgMEAM#Aten%20Yati
Jacob (2005):
https://www.scribd.com/document/354762628/Jacob-Alexander-Atman-a-Reconstruction-of-the-Solar-Cosmology-of-the-Indo-Europeans
Budge (1923):
https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRWDlrPY0ycC&printsec=frontcover&dq=shu+who+is+in+the+aten&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwibmrbuqOuFAxUeEVkFHQ-gDlQQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=shu%20who%20is%20in%20the%20aten&f=false
Luckert (1991) (P. 50):
https://books.google.com/books?id=H2Jx9DSbftMC&pg=PA129&dq=amun+seth&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4_KO7io3-AhX7MVkFHVmoC0EQ6AF6BAgEEAM#v=onepage&q=amun%20seth&f=false
3.) Ptah-Seker-Osiris:
Jones (2009) (P. 84):
https://books.google.com/books?id=o2StC2pFxL4C&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA84&hl=en&source=gb_mobile_entity#v=onepage&q&f=false
Tugendhaft (2016; in Grafton and Most, 2016, p. 173; p. 175 Table 8.1; p. 180):
https://www.academia.edu/28102179/Gods_on_Clay_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Scholarly_Practices_and_the_History_of_Religions
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Kothar:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kothar
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Hephaestus:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hephaestus
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Ptah:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ptah
Sanchoniatho. Phoenician History (Rev. Cumberland, 1720, translation):
https://books.google.com/books?id=g94TAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
-V2:
https://archive.org/details/SanchoniathosPhonicianHistory/page/n47/mode/1up
Mushet (1837) (PP. 235-236):
https://books.google.com/books?id=TENKAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+trinities+of+the+ancients+robert&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjk8ZqO8Z2FAxUHD1kFHXMrB1wQ6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=sol%20saturn%20jupiter&f=false
Smith (2020; in Ferrara and Huffmon, 2020, p. 49 note 115):
https://books.google.com/books?id=njzpDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Some+Wine+and+Honey+for+Simon:+Biblical+and+Ugaritic+Aperitifs+in+Memory+of%C2%A0Enki,+El,+and+Kothar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj1x6j-6KuFAxVhGlkFHY1kCgYQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=Some%20Wine%20and%20Honey%20for%20Simon%3A%20Biblical%20and%20Ugaritic%20Aperitifs%20in%20Memory%20of%C2%A0Enki%2C%20El%2C%20and%20Kothar&f=false
Glorian. The Prayer of the Lord:
https://glorian.org/learn/courses-and-lectures/defense-for-spiritual-warfare/the-prayer-of-the-lord
Mehler (2002) (P. 180):
https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Land_of_Osiris/xqIxO3-M8ikC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ptah+pater&pg=PA180&printsec=frontcover
4.) Khnum:
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Khnum:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khnum
Cook (1914) (Vol. 1):
https://books.google.com/books?id=9e9gpRpZWCYC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
Meyersohn (2023) (The Arrival: Assembly of the seven was described in the Book of Genesis [pp. 6-7]):
https://books.google.com/books?id=i7--EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT226&dq=yahweh+khnum&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjv3fH5geCBAxXtK1kFHaydBn4Q6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=yahweh%20khnum&f=false
Cornell (2019):
https://www.asor.org/anetoday/2019/11/Judeans-and-Goddesses-at-Elephantine/
Schipper (2020) (The Persian Period, 5.4: Egypt and the "Jewish/Arameans" of Elephantine):
https://books.google.com/books?id=osfhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP59&dq=yhwh+khnum+elephantine+temple&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwif7J-d_9-BAxUKMVkFHdw3AjgQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=yhwh%20khnum%20elephantine%20temple&f=false
Kent (2020) (P. 12):
https://books.google.com/books?id=R8fxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12&dq=yhwh+khnum+elephantine+temple&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwif7J-d_9-BAxUKMVkFHdw3AjgQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=yhwh%20khnum%20elephantine%20temple&f=false
Pope (2016) (PP. 98 and 106):
https://books.google.com/books?id=Aax2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107&dq=amun+seth&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNnIng443-AhXXEFkFHeDxBXE4ChDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q=amun%20seth&f=false
Hillel (2006) (P. 94):
https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ7apJDyYsgC&pg=PA94&dq=yahweh+khnum&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjv3fH5geCBAxXtK1kFHaydBn4Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=yahweh%20khnum&f=false
Genesis 2:
https://biblehub.com/nasb_/genesis/2.htm
University of Pennsylvania. Discentes. Seth, a Dynamic and Enigmatic God. April 23, 2023:
https://web.sas.upenn.edu/discentes/2023/04/23/seth-a-dynamic-and-enigmatic-god/
Johnson (2017) (P. 125):
https://books.google.com/books?id=6y4rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125&dq=amen+seth+bronze+statue&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjb1rf-uOKBAxUPFVkFHSTaDAIQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=amen%20seth%20bronze%20statue&f=false
Budge (1969 [2013 edition]) (P. 66):
https://books.google.com/books?id=gbAAAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=shu+sun+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwtvuezOSBAxVtFlkFHZsRBwoQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=shu%20sun%20god&f=false
-V2:
https://ia802902.us.archive.org/35/items/TheGodsOfTheEgyptians-vol2-bySamySalah_182/TheGodsOfTheEgyptiansByE.aWallisBudgeVol_iiBySamySalah.pdf
Pinch (2004) (P. 114):
https://books.google.com/books?id=3hgGNb6wM2kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=seth+god+ram+head&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuvpjtz8OBAxUdGFkFHbS4C_0Q6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=seth%20god%20ram%20head&f=false
5.) Seth:
Blatvasky (1891):
https://books.google.com/books?id=WSSmcfz3_LEC&pg=PA523&dq=did+the+hittites+worship+seth?&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiSrsPU1_v8AhVOFlkFHSNiDt4Q6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=did%20the%20hittites%20worship%20seth%3F&f=false
The Gospel of the Birth of Mary (Platt, Jr., 1926 translation, p. 17):
https://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/lbob/lbob05.htm
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Seth:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Seth-Egyptian-god
Genesis 4:
https://biblehub.com/nasb_/genesis/4.htm
Wake (1888):
https://books.google.com/books?id=R8qAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA99&dq=seth+solar+deity&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBlISQtIH9AhWOFlkFHfr7BAAQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=seth%20solar%20deity&f=false
Genesis 10:
BSB:
https://biblehub.com/bsb/genesis/10.htm
NIV:
https://biblehub.com/niv/genesis/10.htm
KJB:
https://biblehub.com/kjv/genesis/10.htm
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Cronus:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cronus
Velde (1967):
https://books.google.com/books?id=BR4VAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA131&dq=did+the+hittites+worship+seth?&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5tv2T2Pv8AhWVElkFHQapCuUQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=snippet&q=Seth%20Hyksos&f=false
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Shamash:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shamash
Smith (1884) (P. 148):
https://books.google.com/books?id=us3Y7a9AhOYC&pg=PA155-IA3&dq=el+elu+deity&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9q66_0J-CAxVSFlkFHaBfAesQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=el%20elu%20deity&f=false
Smith (1927) (Vol. 1) (PP. 532-533):
https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQV5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA533&dq=Baal+Hadad+sun+god&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjYq76W8Yv9AhWAMlkFHUebAXQ4HhDoAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Baal%20Hadad%20sun%20god&f=false
Hart (2005) (P. 77):
https://books.google.com/books?id=0L83uBijeZwC&pg=PA77&dq=Hart,+2005,++iah+ibis+falcon&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjP_auGvJ2DAxWblIkEHaoPB-kQ6AF6BAgNEAI#v=onepage&q=Hart%2C%202005%2C%20%20iah%20ibis%20falcon&f=false
Carus (1904) (P. 92, note 4):
https://books.google.com/books?id=RaoLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA92&dq=kronos+enlil&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxnse1m_39AhVokYkEHfhiBkwQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=kronos%20enlil&f=false
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Jupiter:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jupiter-Roman-god
Cook (1914) (Vol. 1):
https://books.google.com/books/about/Zeus.html?id=9e9gpRpZWCYC&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=US&ovdme=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
Assmann (2003) (P. 228):
https://books.google.com/books?id=XEMadfTi_U4C&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA227&hl=en&source=gb_mobile_entity#v=onepage&q&f=false
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Hyksos:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hyksos-Egyptian-dynasty
Seters (1966 [2010 edition]):
https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ9MAwAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Kaiser (1998) (P. 81):
https://books.google.com/books?id=acq2F4oW3DYC&pg=PA81&dq=hyksos+semitic&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiW8L6AiNOBAxX4EVkFHVeMBt4Q6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=hyksos%20semitic&f=false
Harris (2015) (P. 96; from Levy, Schneider, and Propp, 2015):
https://books.google.com/books?id=xpe1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96&dq=amenhotep+3+shasu+slaves&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5487eppn9AhV0EFkFHde8CLcQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=amenhotep%203%20shasu%20slaves&f=false
Titus (2019):
https://escholarship.org/content/qt07x6659z/qt07x6659z_noSplash_b41d2cc59a80dd132c3838e7ec75c0f8.pdf?t=q2zg3k
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Saturn:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Saturn-god
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Shiva:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shiva
Hart (2005) (P. 77):
https://books.google.com/books?id=0L83uBijeZwC&pg=PA77&dq=Hart,+2005,++iah+ibis+falcon&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjP_auGvJ2DAxWblIkEHaoPB-kQ6AF6BAgNEAI#v=onepage&q=Hart%2C%202005%2C%20%20iah%20ibis%20falcon&f=false
Litwa (2019):
https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Evil_Creator/hXU-EAAAQBAJ?hl=en
-V2:
https://books.google.com/books?id=hXU-EAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+evil+creator+litwa+Seth+Yahweh&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiW4dj94K6GAxX0v4kEHXSNC2kQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=the%20evil%20creator%20litwa%20Seth%20Yahweh&f=false
-V3:
https://books.google.com/books?id=iXU-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA206&dq=the+evil+creator+litwa+Seth+Yahweh&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiW4dj94K6GAxX0v4kEHXSNC2kQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=the%20evil%20creator%20litwa%20Seth%20Yahweh&f=false
University of Pennsylvania. Discentes. Seth, a Dynamic and Enigmatic God. April 23, 2023:
https://web.sas.upenn.edu/discentes/2023/04/23/seth-a-dynamic-and-enigmatic-god/
Klotz (2006) (P. 90):
https://books.google.com/books?id=W--YDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90&dq=seth+deity+ram+head&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwigmNjH4d2BAxWDMVkFHaxAApcQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=seth%20deity%20ram%20head&f=false
The Egyptian Museum of Cairo. Statue of Ramses 3 between Horus and Seth:
https://egyptianmuseumcairo.eg/artefacts/statue-of-ramses-iii-between-horus-and-seth/
Archangels and Angels. Archangel Anael-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences:
http://www.archangels-and-angels.com/aa_pages/correspondences/angel_planet/archangel_anael.html
British Museum. magical gem; intaglio:
https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1986-0501-97
LiDonnici (2007; in LiDonnici and Lieber, 2007) (P. 94):
6.) Osiris-Iah:
Cook (1914) (Vol. 1 p. 188 note 2):
The Met Museum. Osiris-Iah:
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/548421
Manniche (2010) (P. 108):
https://books.google.com/books?id=rkyNv6CB3KAC&pg=PA108&dq=shu+who+is+in+the+aten&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwivucGxquuFAxWEEVkFHUQSA-YQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=shu%20who%20is%20in%20the%20aten&f=false
Budge (1923):
https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRWDlrPY0ycC&printsec=frontcover&dq=shu+who+is+in+the+aten&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwibmrbuqOuFAxUeEVkFHQ-gDlQQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=shu%20who%20is%20in%20the%20aten&f=false
Soury (1881) (P. 56):
3.4. Viracocha: Saturn of South America:
Now, we're in South America.
Viracocha was the "creator deity originally worshipped by the pre-Inca inhabitants of Peru and later assimilated into the Inca pantheon," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Viracocha, para. 1). He appeared on Lake Titicaca, where "Darkness reigned as neither the sun nor moon had been created," (Salles-Reese, 1997, p. 53). He later created the sun, moon, "the rest of the heavens and the earth," with "giants and mankind, along with animals and all things," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Viracocha, para. 1) (Salles-Reese, 1997, p. 53). Viracocha created humans with clay, and taught them culture and survival. He later sent a flood to destroy humans because they didn't follow his laws. A few humans managed to survive though. It is said that Viracocha was a distant god, leaving other gods in control of the world (Salles-Reese, 1997, p. 53) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Viracocha, para. 2). Viracocha was a water god, and was described as "an old man with a beard (a symbol of water gods) and a long robe and carrying a staff," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Viracocha, para. 1) (Salles-Reese, 1997, p. 54).
Viracocha is identical to Ea, and Atum. Therefore, he was the Saturn of South America.
Links:
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Viracocha:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viracocha
Salles-Reese (1997) (P. 53):
https://books.google.com/books?id=bFNMgrfXsUkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=viracocha+flood&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNmLeXrPKDAxVjEFkFHaGgD5QQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=viracocha%20flood&f=false
3.5. The Great Spirit: Saturn of North America:
Finally, we're in North America.
The creator god of Native America is called the Great Spirit. When Christians first met the Native Americans, they called the Great Spirit the Christian god. In fact, "many Native American people consider the Great Spirit and the Christian God to be one and the same." However, not every Native American believed this, saying that "today's notion of the Great Spirit was commonly constructed by [Christian] missionaries." Like the Christian god, however, the Great Spirit has many names. This is due to many Native American tribes worshipping him (Native Languages of the Americas, 1998, Native American Indian Legends and Stories About the Great Spirit).
Despite the condemnations of some Native Americans, the Great Spirit is the same entity as the Christian god. Out of all the names of the Great Spirit given, we will focus on one name in particular: Gitchi Manitou, also spelled as Gichi Manidoo (Native Languages of the Americas, 1998, Native American Legends: Gitchi Manitou) (Native Languages of the Americas, 1998, Native American Indian Legends and Stories About the Great Spirit). Gitchi Manitou, whose "name literally means Great Spirit," is the god of the Algonquian tribes. He started out as having no gender and was "abstract," but later on he became a masculine deity. He was also equated to the Christian god (Native Languages of the Americas, 1998, Native American Legends: Gitchi Manitou). In the Ojibwe Creation Story, Gitchi Manitou "created plants, animals, and people (in his image) and placed them on the Earth." When humans started to cause trouble, Gitchi Manitou sent a flood "to cleanse the Earth." The humans perished, except for the "semi-divine being" Wenebojo (Study.com, Native American Creation Myths Stories and Beliefs, Native American Creations Myths: The Ojibwe Creation Story, para. 1).
Just to note, the Native American Chickasaw tribe called Gitchi Manitou "Ababinili" ("'one who sits above' or 'dwells above'"). However, "under Christian influence," he was given the name "Inki Abu" ("Father Above"). Ababinili was a creator, and sun, god (Native Languages of the Americas, 1998, Native American Legends: Ababinili) (The Chickasaw Nation, Religion, para. 3). Hmm... Inki Abu? Enki and Apsu-Abzu? Enki, is that you!?
The Great Spirit of the Native American religion was Saturn.
Links:
Native Languages of the Americas. 1998. Native American Indian Legends and Stories About the Great Spirit:
http://www.native-languages.org/great-spirit.htm
Native Languages of the Americas. 1998. Native American Legends: Gitchi Manitou:
http://www.native-languages.org/gitchi-manitou.htm
Study.com. Native American Creation Myths Stories and Beliefs:
https://study.com/academy/lesson/native-american-creation-myths.html#:~:text=According%20to%20Ojibwe%20bwlief%2C%20The,other%20and%20the%20natural%20world.
Native Languages of the Americas. 1998. Native American Legends: Ababinili:
http://www.native-languages.org/morelegends/ababinili.htm
The Chickasaw Nation. Religion:
https://www.chickasaw.net/Our-Nation/Culture/Religion
Part 4: Conclusion:
The demon deity was the shining god, represented by the sun and the planet Saturn. Its symbols include the goatfish/Capricorn, the ram, the bull, and Aquarius. The most iconic symbol of this entity is the hexagram, and then the pentagram. The hexagram is physically located on the planet Saturn. The demon deity can be male, and female. It has a trinity, or seven personas represented by the sun, moon, and the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. It is the leader of demonic and harmful entities, and demands human sacrifice as part of its worship. Other animals are sacrificed as well. This demon is the god and goddess of every religious pantheon, including the Bible and the Qur'an.
The demon deity is mainly represented by the gods the Great Spirit (North America), Viracocha (South America), Atum (Africa), Ea (Middle East), and Dyeus Pater (Eurasia). As stated before, the archangels and demons in the Jewish religion were different personifications of El (Enlil). They have other names in different religions, but they are multiple personifications of a singular entity. We can now see that the seven archangels, and demons, of Enlil are:
1.) Gabriel/Iao (Moon).
2.) Raphael/Saklas (Mercury).
3.) Anael/Seth (Venus).
4.) Michael/Davides (Sun).
5.) Samael/Eloaeus/Adonaeus (Mars).
6.) Sachiel-Asariel/Yaldabaoth/Elilaeus (Jupiter).
7.) Cassiel/Sabaoth/Yaldabaoth (Saturn).
Do NOT worship this thing.
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