I've decided to split my "Saturn: The Demon Deity Unveiled" post into separate posts, mainly due to the weird fact that I cannot seem to edit that post anymore. Maybe I added too much stuff to that post? Either way, I hope that splitting that massive post up will be easier for people to read.
Part 1: Atum.
Atum (Talbott, 1980, p. 11 Figure 1):
Now, we're in Africa. I wanted to go in order of the continents, but we had to start in the Middle East in order to understand the pattern used to identify Saturn. We will use Ea as an example for identifying Saturn in Africa, and we will focus on the Egyptian pantheon.
Re-Horakhty statue (1069-664 B.C.) (Art Institute of Chicago) (American Research Center in Egypt):
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In Fayyum, the oldest city in Egypt dating to the "fifth millennium B.C.," (Bagnall and Rathbone, 2004, p. 127), or "4,000 B.C.," (Rol Cruize, 2023, The oldest cities in the world, Faiyum, Egypt), the god worshipped there was Sebek. Sebek was later equated to Re as "Sebek-Re," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Sebek) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Re, para. 2) (Remler, 2000, p. 180). Re (or Ra) originated in On/Heliopolis (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Re, para. 2), which is where the god Atum was worshipped (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Atum, para. 1). Not surprisingly, Re was equated to Atum under the name "Atum-Re," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Re), or "Re-Atum" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Atum, para. 2). Re was equated to other gods as well, such as Amon (Amon-Re), Khnum/Chnum (Khnum-Re), and Horus-Harakhte (Re-Harakhty). Re gets his famous falcon-headed form from Horus under the name Re-Harakhty. Re rose "from the ocean of chaos on the primeval hill, creating himself and then in return engendering eight other gods." He also fought the "evil serpent Apopis (Apepi)" to "be born again for the new day," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Re) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Horus, para. 2) (Leeming, 2009, p. 403). Hari (1985) said that Re had "three forms" at Heliopolis: Re-Harakhty as the rising sun, Re as the midday sun, and Atum as the setting sun (p. 15).
Sobek (Sebek) was also equated to Horus as Sobek-Horus (Ragheb, 2023, para. 6-7). Horus is an interesting deity. There are two main versions of Horus: Horus the Elder (Heru-ur/Heruwer), and Horus the Younger (Budge, 1904, Vol. 1 pp. 467-468) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Horus, para. 2). Horus the Elder was the son of Ra (Re) and Hathor, or Cronus-Seb and Rhea-Nut, and was the brother of Osiris. Horus the Elder "was the twin god of Set," and the Face of Horus that represented the day. Seth represented "the Face by night" of Horus. Seth and Horus were depicted as a single individual with the heads of both Seth and Horus. At Ombos, Horus the Elder was equated to the god Shu, who is also the son of Ra (Re). He also seems to have been equated to Amen (Amon), and other gods that represented the rising sun (Budge, 1904, Vol. 1 pp. 467-468, and 475). Budge goes on to say that Horus the Younger/the Child was also the rising sun. He has multiple forms. Most notably, he was Horus of Hebennu the son of Isis. This Horus was also equated to the god Anubis. Interestingly, one version of Horus the Younger, called Heru-behutet, is the creator god who "created himself" and the other gods. He also "rises with golden disk as the holy beetle of gold." This version of Horus the Younger was equated to Osiris, and fights Seth (p. 475). Eventually, Horus the Elder and Hebennu (Younger) were seen as the same individual (pp. 468-469, and 494). Encyclopaedia Britannica said that all of the different versions of Horus were the same individual (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Horus, para. 2). Horus, as the son of Isis and Osiris (Horus the Younger), is known for being the antagonist of Seth. This represented the struggle between Upper and Lower Egypt (para. 5). Horus to both Cronus, and Zeus. Horus was equated to the planet Saturn (Budge, 1904, Vol. 2 pp. 302-303) (Budge, 2004 [2013 edition], p. 244), or Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars (Budge, 2004 [2013 edition], p. 223) (Campion, 2012, p. 89). Horus was Cronus, Zerus, and Ares! Finally, Atum and Horus were equated in a hymn from "Spell 15 in The Book of the Dead" as "Atum-Horakhty." Atum-Horakhty was also equated to Re in the hymn (Campion, 2012, p. 88).
Atum was the god of Heliopolis (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Atum, para. 1) (Allen, 2016, p. 96). He was "'born in the Abyss (Primeval Waters) before the sky existed, before the earth existed.'" He was probably called "the spirit in the Primeval Waters." He is stated as having "no companion when my name came into existence." Atum also had various names, such as Horus, Ra, Amen, and Ptah (Talbott, 1980, pp. 11-12). The Primeval Waters, or "primordial waters of chaos," was the god Nun. Atum was 'one of the manifestations of the sun and creator god." He "engendered himself and the gods," and was "the setting sun." He was depicted "as an aged figure who had to be regenerated at night, to appear as Khepri at dawn and as Re during the sun's zenith." Atum was also assimilated into Re as "Re-Atum," along with the god Khepri (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Atum) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Re) (Luckert, 1991, p 65). All of the Egyptian gods were emanations of Atum (Luckert, 1991, p. 129). Re, Horus (Heru-behutet), and Atum, had the same origin story.
Shu (bottom center) holding the sky goddess (above) from the earth god (below Shu) from the British Museum (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Shu):
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Tem (Atum) was also stated to have had a trinity, made up of the gods Shu and Tefnut, based on "one tradition," (Budge, 1923, p. 58). The Egyptian god Shu is the god of the air/atmosphere/wind, and is the son of Atum/Ra-Atum-Khepra (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Shu) (Shorter, 2009, p. 7) (Budge, 1969 [2013 edition], p. 66) (Clair, 1898, pp. 141, 150, 207, and 314). It has also been stated that Shu presented the sun disk/Aten to Akhenaten when he became pharaoh (Budge, 1969 [2013 edition], p. 71). Shu was stated as being Aten, and the sun god Ra-Harakhte, as well (Studies in Biblical Theology, 1967 [1973 edition], p. 70) (Budge, 1969 [2013 edition], p. 71). Tem (Atum) came out of Nemu/Nu, but also "dwelt in the Solar Disk (Aten)," (Budge, 1923, p. 58). Both Atum and Shu were the sun disk. Shu was also the "supporter of heaven, the sun, and the moon" (Clair, 1898, p. 66). He separated the sky (Neith) and earth (Nu) from each other. Nu is the male god (p. 175). Jacob (2005) said that Ellil-Enlil is Shu (pp. 97 and 181). This would make Shu the Egyptian equivalent of Cronus, along with Atum. Tefnut was Shu's "sister and companion," and she was the "goddess of moisture," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Shu). Atum, Shu, and Tefnut, were a trinity in one tradition (Budge, 1923, p. 58). Interestingly, Shu was equated to Jesus "by Christian theologians." In fact, Atum was equated to the Father, Shu was equated to the Son, and Mahet was equated to the Holy Spirit (Luckert, 1991, p. 50). As stated before, Horus (Horus the Elder) was equated to Shu as well.
Khepri was "the god of the morning sun," is "an aspect of the sun god Re," and is symbolized by the scarab beetle (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Khepri, para. 1). The scarab was also a symbol of Yahavah (Ea) in Judea. Taylor (1993) said that there were sun emblems with "lmlk" on Judean jar handles. The emblems are a sun disk with two wings, and a "four-winged scarab," (p. 20). Interestingly enough, Khepri was considered to be a creator god whose story equates with Atum's. Khepri "arose from the primeval chaos, Nun, and created the universe." In another version of that story, Re created the universe as Khepri. After the creation of the universe, Khepri fathered the gods Shu and Tefnut "with his own shadow," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Khepri, para. 4). No wonder Khepri was equated to Atum. As stated previously, the beetle was also the symbol of Horus (Heru-behutet).
In Tablet 1 of the Enuma Elish, Enki kills the "progenitor" father god Apsu, and lives inside him. Apsu is the "deified underground waters," (Horowitz, 1998, pp. 109-111). This coincides with Ea being the "Lord of Apsu-Abzu" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ea, para. 2). Apsu is the underground water, and Nun was the primordial waters. Nun is also stated to be the "father of Re, the sun god," and "he represented the waters of chaos out of which Re-Atum began creation," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Nun). Enki created man by using a creature and the clay of the abyss (Kramer, 1944 [1961 edition], Ch. 2, pp. 69-70). Enki lives inside Apsu, and Atum lives inside Nun. Enki mother was also Nammu, "the primeval sea" (Kramer, 1944 [1961 edition], Ch. 2, pp. 69-70). Atum is the setting sun. Ea-Enki was also the setting sun (Jacob, 2005, pp. 164-165, 181-182). Jacob also stated that Enki, and Atum-Re/Amun created through masturbation (p. 167). Horus (Heru-behutet) "created the deep that it might serve as a place wherein to hide his body." He also comes "from the abyss of Nu" with the help of Nephthys, and Isis (Budge, 1904, Vol. 1 p. 475). Ea, and Atum-Re-Khepri-Horus, are the same god.
Atum was even equated to the Christian god "by Christian theologians." Atum was equated to the Father, Shu was equated to the Son, and Mahet was equated to the Holy Spirit (Luckert, 1991, p. 50).
There were "four main creator deities" in Egypt: "Amun, Atum, Khnum, and Ptah," (Allen, 2016, p. 96). We've already talked about Atum, so let's focus on the next three deities.
Links:
Talbott (1980) (PP. 11-12):
https://archive.org/details/TalbottDavidTheSaturnMyth1980/page/n10/mode/1up?q=Atum&view=theater
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Atum:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Atum#:~:text=Atum%2C%20in%20ancient%20Egyptian%20religion,to%20the%20deity%20Re%2DAtum.
Part 2: Other Gods Equated to Atum:
1.) Amon:
Gold-plated silver figure of Amun-Ra (
The British Museum):
Amon, also spelled as Ammon, Amun, Amen, and Amana, was the "king of the gods." He was "identified with the sun god Re," and became "Amon-Re." Amon-Re was personified as a human "sometimes with a ram's head," or just "as a ram." Amon means "the Hidden One, and his image was painted blue to denote invisibility." Aside from Re, Amon was equated to Ptah. The three gods either "formed a triad," or Re and Ptah became "manifestations" of Amon. Amon "was linked to Jupiter," (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Amon). Amun, Re, and Ptah, were equated in "the Leiden Hymn to Amun-Re," (Rea, 2020, Vol. 1 p. 175). Amun, or Amun-Ra, was Baal Hammon in Carthage and Zeus in Greece. Both gods were "depicted with ram's horns," (Thomas, 2019; in Thomas and Alanamu, 2019, p. 45) (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1 pp. 348-349). In other words, Amon was the god of the Ammonites! Baal Hammon "is shown as a bearded old man wearing ram's horns on his head," and is represented as a bull in the Canaanite religion (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2013 edition], p. 87). In Thebes, Amen-Ra was called "Zeus Thebaieus" (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1 pp. 347-348, and 387). Amon was both Cronus and Zeus, once again showing that those two gods were really one entity. As mentioned before, Horus (Horus the Elder) was equated to Amon at Ombos.
Amon and Seth have an interesting relationship. During the New Kingdom of Egypt, Seth was the "desert heat emanation" of Amun. Yahweh was also seen as an amalgamation of Amun and Seth, called "Yahweh-Amon-Seth" (Luckert, 1991, pp. 129 and 131). The ram that represented Amun came from Montu/Seth, representing war (Pope, 2016, p. 98). Shaw (1901) said that Amun and Seth were basically "the same deity." Amun was an "invisible god," and Seth was "the celestial phenomena, principally the sun," (p. 21). Amun and Seth were both storm gods, and an inscription from Tjekerbaal puts the two gods together as making "'thunder in the sky'." Baal and Seth were both considered to be the "son of Amun," and Baal was probably both Seth and Amun (Smith, 2008 [2010 edition], p. 71; note 138; p. 72). "Seal amulets" also bear the names of Amun and Seth together. There seems to be an equation between "Egyptian solar divinity and" the "West Semitic storm-god" (p. 72). A stela from 1290-1224 BC (Ramesside time) shows Seth and Amun facing each other, holding w3s-sceptres, and having bull tails. An inscriptions has Amun as the "lord of the roads," and Seth as the "lord of the sky" (Cornelius, 1994, pp. 66-67).
There are inscriptions that link Atum and Amon together. According to Geisen (2019), during the reign of Senworset 1st, "the name Atum-Amun or Atum-Amun-Ra" was stated "three times," (in Geisen, 2019, p. 56 note 41). Rea (2020) also stated that Amun-Re was syncretized to Atum, creating the name "Amun-Re-Atum," (Vol. 1 p. 175). Atum was also a hidden god, like Amun (Luckert, 1991, p. 47). Inscriptions from the time of Ramses the Second equate Atum-Tum the setting sun, and Ra, to Amun (Buxton, 1892, pp. 77-78; p. 78 note 1). Amon was also equated to the setting sun (Drummond, 1825, Vol. 2 p. 333). Not only was Atum Saturn, but he was also Jupiter.
Both Enki, and Atum-Re/Amun, masturbated in order to create (Jacob, 2005, p. 167). Jesus was also "Jupiter Ammon"/"Jupiter-Ammon," according to Rev. Taylor (1833 [1996 edition]). Rev. Taylor also said that "both Jupiter, Ammon, and God Ammon, and Jesus Christ, Amen, are personifications of the Sun, who is Jupiter, in the Spring; Christ, in Summer; Jesus, in Autumn; and Amen, in Winter," (p. 276). Ammon is Amen, and saying the name of this god at the end of our prayers equates him to Jesus. In fact, Ammon is one of Jesus' names (p. 187). In other words, Jesus is Zeus! Adonis-Dionysus was also the Autumn sun (Brown, 1877, Vol. 1 p. 47). In Revelations 3, Amen is an actual entity. He is "the faithful and true Witness, the Origin of the Creation of God." Amen is talking to John here. He also said that he "sat with My Father on His Throne," (Revelation 3:14 and 21). However, John called Jesus the "faithful witness" (Revelation 1:5). It seems that Amen is the one who appeared to John at the beginning of Revelation. Amen said that he "was dead, and behold, I am alive forevermore," (Revelation 1:18). Jesus also sat on the right hand of God, as we've stated before. He also died, and rose from the dead. Jesus was also depicted as a lamb (or ram). In the Gospel of John, Jesus is called "the lamb of God" by John the Baptist (John 1:29 and 35-36). In Revelation 5, Jesus is described as "a Lamb standing, as if slaughtered, having seven horns and seven eyes, which are the seven spirits of God sent out into all the earth," (Revelation 5:5-10). Jesus also calls himself Amen in the gospels (Mark 13:30 [Interlinear], John 8:51 [Int.], etc.). Jesus Christ is Amon.
Ieue seems to have been called Amen in Nehemiah 8:6. In Deuteronomy and other books of the Old Testament/Tanakh, Amen was a word or statement said after a certain action (see Deuteronomy 27:15-26, etc.). This was commanded by "Moses and the Levitical priests," (Deuteronomy 27:9-14). Plutarch said that Amoun/Ammon is Zeus, and that the Egyptians said his name in order to make the god appear to them (Moralia, Isis and Osiris, Part 1, 9.2). This might explain why Amen was equated to Ieue in Nehemiah 8:6. Scull (1880) said that Zeus was "Amon-Ra," and "Jupiter Ammon" (p. 89). Amon/Amen was both Ieue, and Jesus.
How did an Egyptian god get into the Bible? The answer might lie in the archaeological record. Egypt used to rule over Canaan during "The Late Bronze Age," around "1550-1200 BCE." It seems to have been a turbulent rule with multiple Middle-Eastern ethnicities rebelling against them at the time. One of them was the Hapiru/'Apiru, who could've been the Hebrews (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Canaan, para. 5). According to The Israel Museum in Jerusalem, the Egyptians defeated the Canaanites "at the battle of Megiddo," in "1450 BCE." As a result, the Egyptians ruled Canaan for "some 350 years" (The Egyptian Empire in Canaan). Atwood (2017) said that Egypt controlled Canaan "For three centuries" after defeating the Canaanites "at Megiddo, in what is now northern Israel, in 1458 B.C.," (para. 1). I believe that Egypt's influence during this time helped to get Amon placed in the Bible later on. This would be my best guess, but there are a few other ideas. Some of the Levites could've served Amon. My last option is that some of the Jews from Elephantine could've worshipped Amon, and brought his worship to Judah after their temple to Ieue in Elephantine was destroyed. I prefer to stick to the first option for now. Either way, Amon is in the Bible.
2.) Ptah-Osiris:
Ptah statuette holding the emblems of life and power (600-100 B.C.) from the British Museum (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ptah):
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To my surprise, Ea was equated to a god named Kothar wa Hasis. Jones (2009) said that, while Ea and El have similarities, Ea is "explicitly identified [...] with Kothar wa-Hasis." This is "In the Syrian and Canaanite pantheon lists," (p. 84; note 248). In the trilingual WGL god list from Ugarit, Ea, with his names spelled as Aya and Eyan, was Kotaru/Kothar (Tugendhaft, 2016; in Grafton and Most, 2016, p. 173; p. 175 Table 8.1; p. 180). Kothar, or Kothar-wa-Hasis/Khasis, is the "ancient West Semitic god of crafts, equivalent to the Greek god Hephaestus." He was equated to "the Egyptian god Ptah," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Kothar). Hephaestus was the Greek "god of fire." He was called Vulcan in Rome. He was the son of Hera and Zeus, and "A blacksmith and craftsman." He was symbolized by the "volcanic or gaseous fires," which "were often considered to be his workshops," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Hephaestus). The Egyptian god Ptah was a "creator-god and maker of things, a patron of craftsman, especially sculptors," and "a mortuary god" that was represented as a mummy. He was equated to Hephaestus-Vulcan, and he was equated to Seker-Soker and Osiris "to form Ptah-Seker-Osiris." Ptah also had a bull called Apis, which "was called a manifestation of the god who gave oracles." Ptah was the god of Memphis, the capitol of Egypt (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ptah) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Memphis, para. 1).
Aside from being Zeus' son, Hephaestus-Vulcan was Zeus himself. Sanchoniatho said that Hephaestus-Vulcan, also called Chysor, was called Zeus Michius. The name Zeus Michius was also spelled as Diamichius. Zeus Michius means "Machinator, the great inventor or engineer," (Phoenician History [Rev. Cumberland, 1720, translation], p. 26). Mushet (1837) said that "Sol (or Helios), Saturn, Jupiter (surnamed Ammon) , and Vulcan, were all one; being titles of the chief deity,-the sun," (pp. 235-236). Finally, Smith (2020) said that Kothar and El could be "differentiations of the wise god, Ea-Enki, and possibly as divine instantiations of their very names." The same could be said for "Baal, Yamm, and Mot, as well as Shapshu and Yarih," (in Ferrara and Huffmon, 2020, p. 49 note 115). This is true, as we have already seen that El (Enlil) and Ea were the same god. Vernon-Harcourt (1838) said that "Phtha," written as "Ptah" in Coptic, is "pater" in Latin and is "father" in English (Vol. 1 p. 365). Massey (1907) said that "Ptah-Tanan" was "Dis pater, the Demiurge." He is the "god of Hades," (Vol. 2 p. 636). Churchward (1924 [2000 edition]) said the same thing (p. 349). This equates Ptah with Dyeus (Hades-Pluto). Acharya S (1999) said that Ptah is Dyaus Pitar/Zeus Pateras, and Pitar and Ptah lead to "'pater,' or 'father,'" (p. 179). Mackenzie (1917) said that the "mountain god" became Thor, Tarku-Teshub, Indra, Zeus, and Ptah. Ptah created the potter's wheel, on which he created the sun, moon, and mankind. He also had a hammer, which is the same hammer that the "Hittite father god" had. It caused thunder (pp. xxvii-xxviii, and 171). The Hittite father god was Teshub-Adad. This means that Ptah (and Ea) was Zeus! Leisegang (1955) also said that Ptah had the hammer (in Campbell, 1955 [1978 edition], Vol. 2 p. 257).
The Lord's Prayer also originated from Ptah. "Pater Noster," or "Ptah Noster," means "Our Father," and Ptah means "Father" (Glorian, The Prayer of the Lord).
Ptah means "Father" (Glorian, The Prayer of the Lord, Ptah, para. 4-5):
In a "text from Memphis," Ptah is called "'Ptah of the Earth. The Mother giving birth to Atum' (line 14)," (Churchward, 1924, pp. 241-242). "Ptah of the Earth" sounds like "Lord of the Earth," the title of Ea and Poseidon. "Ptah of the Earth" could also be translated as "Father of the Earth." Ptah also being a "mother" makes him both male and female. Ptah being the father of Atum equates Atum to Adam. I've already discussed this in my "Were Adam and Eve Real?" post.
Ptah was also the "rising sun," (Budge, 1904 [1969 edition], Vol. 1 p. 500) (Leisegang, 1955; in Campbell, 1955 [1978 edition], Vol. 2 p. 257). This firmly equates Ea-Ptah with Zeus-Adad-Baal Samen.
Aside from Asar/Osiris (Ptah-Asar/Ptah-Osiris/Ptah-Seker-Asar) and Seker (Ptah-Seker/Ptah-Seker-Osiris), other gods that were equated to Ptah are Nu (Ptah-Nu), Tem (Ptah-Seker-Tem), and Tanen (Ptah-Tanen) (Budge, 1904, Vol. 1 p. 502). Tem is Atum (Budge, 1923, p. 58). Ptah was equated to Atum.
Osiris-Iah (The Met Museum, Osiris-Iah):
Osiris, also called Usiri and Usir, is "one of the most important gods of ancient Egypt." In the Egyptian religion, Osiris was killed by Seth. One version of this story ended with Osiris "reincarnated" as the god "Apis." Osiris was "a personification of chthonic (underworld) fertility," and "the embodiment of the dead and resurrected king." The "holy bull," called "Apis, was linked with Osiris, becoming Osiris-Apis." This god would later be called "Serapis" in the Hellenistic period. Osiris was also equated to Dionysus, and Soker (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Osiris) (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2021 edition], p. 367). Cook (1914) said that "Sarapis was originally the Babylonian god Ea," and that the original title "sar apsi" meant "'King of the Ocean, King of the Deep Sea,'" (Vol. 1 p. 188 note 2). As stated previously, Apis was Ptah's bull.
Osiris has also been equated to another deity called Asher, or Asshur. In the Tanakh, Yahavah said to Moses "I am that I am" (Exodus 3:14 [Interlinear]). The word "asher" apparently means "that" (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew, 834. asher), or is usually translated as "'who, that, which'" (Propp, 1998, endnote 3). However, Propp (1998) said that asher might be the name of the god Asher, also called Asshur, who is also Osiris. Asherah is the wife of Asher, just as Elah is Asherah's name when she is married to El. Therefore, Exodus 3:14 should be translated as "I am Asher, I am." Another interesting word in the Tanakh is ashrey, which is the "majestic dual of 'Asher" (endnote 3):
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I'm guessing that ashrey means multiple individuals? If so, then perhaps Ashrey are to Asher what the Elohim are to El. They were individuals, most likely other deities, that served Asher. Albright (1925), whom Propp cites as well, said that the divinity (god) Asir is the god that the Assyrians named their city after ("Ausar-Assur"), and eventually became the name of the tribe of Aser. Asir is also Osiris, and Aserah-Asirat is originally "merely a variant of Asir" (p. 99). Dunlap (1894 [1898 edition]) said that Asar, or Isar, is Osiris and "Azar (Mars)." Asar must be Asir/Asher/Asshur. Dunlap also said that Asar is El and Saturn (p. 77). Cook (1914) said that Ashur, the god of Assyria, was Zeus. He was called Zeus Assyrios. Ashur was represented being inside a solar winged disk or wheel. The Persian god Auramazda (or Ahura Mazda), also called Zeus Oromasdes, is also pictured inside the same winged disk (Vol. 1, pp. 207-208). Harwood (2017) said that Exodus 3:14 should be "I am Osiris, I am":
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As stated before, Osiris was also called Asar. Smith (1876) said that Anum was Lahma and Sar/Assur (pp. 54-55, 66, and 68). Anum is equated to Ansar, Lahma, and Lahama, on the
An = Anum list. Ansar (Assur), has also been equated to Enlil on the list (Litke, 1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3, pp. 21-22, and 39) (Smith, 1876, p. 66). Ansar is Asshur (Spence, 1916, p. 210). Osiris is also An (Anum) and Asar, and was equated to Dionysus and Hades (Coulter and Turner, 2000 [2021 edition], p. 152-153, and 367). Therefore, Anum, Enlil, Hades, and Dionysus are Osiris.
As stated before, the names "Iao" and "Iah" have been associated with Ea. Iah was also equated to Osiris. There is a statue called Osiris-Iah, where Osiris has the moon on his head. This makes Osiris a moon god (The Met Museum, Osiris-Iah). Iah was actually "syncretized with Osiris." Their name was "Asar-Aah," according to Budge. Iah was similar to "the Sumerian god Ea as well," and was "equated with Yahweh," (Murdoch, 2014, p. 430). Coulter and Turner (2000) called the god "Osiris-Aah" ([2021 edition], p. 367). As stated before, Ea-Enki, as a result of being associated with the bull, "must sometimes be a lunar god" (Bois, 2010, p. 363; note 370). Osiris was equated to Ptah (Ea), so Ea was a moon god in Egypt as well as in the Middle East.
Another god of the moon is Thoth (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Thoth, para. 1), who was also Hermes (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Thoth, para. 2) (Boylan, 1922, p. 102 note 1; p. 140) (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Raphael-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences). Hermes was also a moon god (Boylan, 1922, pp. 140-141). As stated before, Nabu (Hermes-Mercury of the Middle East) was equated to Ea by the number 40.
Osiris was also Zeus. Seb, Osiris' father (Budge, 1904 [2013 edition], Vol. 2 p. 130), was equated to Cronus (Jackson, 1990, p. 84) (Wilkinson, 1847, Vol. 5 p. 37). Osiris "mutilated his father Seb." Later on, Set "mutilates" Osiris (Jackson, 1990, p. 84). Seb being Saturn makes Osiris Jupiter! When I first found this out, I was surprised. However, Osiris was equated to Ptah (Zeus) so I should've seen this coming. Zeus also has a connection to the moon. In Greece, Zeus was typically equated with the moon goddess. This is because the Greeks "consistently regarded the moon as feminine." However, "in quasi-Greek districts," Zeus is shown as a moon god. A few coins ("tetradrachms"), from 126-96 BC, show Zeus with the crescent moon above his head (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, pp. 730-732; p. 731 Figures 538-539). Osiris was equated to "'Jaho or Jah'" by the Alexandrian Jews, thus equated Osiris with Yahweh (Acharya S, 2004, p. 121). In a hymn to Osiris, the god was also called Ptah-Seker-Tem (Budge, 1904, Vol. 1 p. 502). This equates Osiris to Atum. Banebdjedet, the "northern equivalent" of the god Khnum, was also identified with "Ra-Atum, Shu, Geb, and Osiris." This made Osiris a sun god (Pinch, 2004, p. 114). This also helps to link Osiris to Atum. Jacob (2005) said that Osiris was Horus the Elder and Younger (pp. 165-166).
Archangel Gabriel (St. Gabriel Catholic Church, St. Gabriel the Archangel):
The Archangel Gabriel is represented by the moon (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Gabriel-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences).
As for Seker, he was the god of the underworld in Memphis (Budge, 1904 [2013 edition], Vol. 2 p. 130). He was depicted as a "hawk-headed man in mummified form resembling that of Ptah." He was the "night sun," (Budge, 1904 [1969 edition], Vol. 1 p. 503). Interestingly, Seker was an "older god" than Ptah. Ptah "usurped the characteristics of Seker," (p. 506).
Links:
Jones (2009) (P. 84):
https://books.google.com/books?id=o2StC2pFxL4C&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA84&hl=en&source=gb_mobile_entity#v=onepage&q&f=false
Tugendhaft (2016; in Grafton and Most, 2016, p. 173; p. 175 Table 8.1; p. 180):
https://www.academia.edu/28102179/Gods_on_Clay_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Scholarly_Practices_and_the_History_of_Religions
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Kothar:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kothar
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Hephaestus:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hephaestus
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Ptah:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ptah
Sanchoniatho. Phoenician History (Rev. Cumberland, 1720, translation):
https://books.google.com/books?id=g94TAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
-V2:
https://archive.org/details/SanchoniathosPhonicianHistory/page/n47/mode/1up
Mushet (1837) (PP. 235-236):
https://books.google.com/books?id=TENKAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+trinities+of+the+ancients+robert&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjk8ZqO8Z2FAxUHD1kFHXMrB1wQ6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=sol%20saturn%20jupiter&f=false
Smith (2020; in Ferrara and Huffmon, 2020, p. 49 note 115):
https://books.google.com/books?id=njzpDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Some+Wine+and+Honey+for+Simon:+Biblical+and+Ugaritic+Aperitifs+in+Memory+of%C2%A0Enki,+El,+and+Kothar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj1x6j-6KuFAxVhGlkFHY1kCgYQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=Some%20Wine%20and%20Honey%20for%20Simon%3A%20Biblical%20and%20Ugaritic%20Aperitifs%20in%20Memory%20of%C2%A0Enki%2C%20El%2C%20and%20Kothar&f=false
Glorian. The Prayer of the Lord:
https://glorian.org/learn/courses-and-lectures/defense-for-spiritual-warfare/the-prayer-of-the-lord
Rev. Vernon-Harcourt (1838) (Vol. 1 p. 365):
https://books.google.com/books?id=BC5dAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA365&dq=Ptah+pater%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN5OCqsqaKAxUWEVkFHXZnFYA4FBDoAXoECAgQAw#v=onepage&q=Ptah%20pater%C2%A0&f=false
Massey (1907) (Vol. 2 p. 636):
https://books.google.com/books?id=t00XAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA636&dq=Ptah+pater%C2%A0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNu7ays6aKAxWeMVkFHemaC0I4KBDoAXoECAUQAw#v=onepage&q=Ptah%20pater%C2%A0&f=false
Churchward (1924):
-2000 edition (pp. 241-242, 308, and 349):
https://books.google.com/books?id=LWoPgpKajJAC&pg=PA308&dq=atum+is+adam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjj6ebDxY6KAxXDF1kFHTQcOh84ChDoAXoECA0QAg#v=onepage&q=atum%20is%20adam&f=false
-2015 edition:
https://books.google.com/books?id=Nh_ICQAAQBAJ&pg=PT300&dq=atum+is+adam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR2ZjVwY6KAxUJMlkFHbFwMqcQ6AF6BAgMEAI#v=onepage&q=atum%20is%20adam&f=false
Acharya S (1999) (P. 179):
https://archive.org/details/acharya-s.-the-christ-conspiracy-the-greatest-story-ever-sold_202308/page/n177/mode/1up?view=theater&q=Ptah+pater
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Memphis:
https://www.britannica.com/place/Memphis-ancient-city-Egypt
Cook (1914) (Vol. 1 p. 188 note 2):
The Met Museum. Osiris-Iah:
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/548421
Acharya S (2004) (P. 121):
https://books.google.com/books?id=rey19p_ycHUC&pg=PA121&dq=Dionysus+is+Adonis+swine+flesh&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjH1vKf15iKAxWsFVkFHRAKMCoQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=Dionysus%20is%20Adonis%20swine%20flesh&f=false
Budge (1904 [1969 edition]) (Vol. 1 p. 503):
Budge (1904 [2013 edition]) (Vol. 2 p. 130):
https://books.google.com/books?id=gbAAAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA421&dq=Seker+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU4J73ia6KAxWIF1kFHWuDA8IQ6AF6BAgEEAM#v=onepage&q=Seker%20god&f=false
-V2:
https://books.google.com/books?id=DpkrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA421&dq=Seker+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU4J73ia6KAxWIF1kFHWuDA8IQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Seker%20god&f=false
Pinch (2004) (P. 114):
https://books.google.com/books?id=3hgGNb6wM2kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=seth+god+ram+head&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuvpjtz8OBAxUdGFkFHbS4C_0Q6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=seth%20god%20ram%20head&f=false
Were Adam and Eve Real?
https://demythifyinggod.blogspot.com/2019/11/the-real-adam-and-eve.html
Mackenzie (1917) (PP. xxvii-xxviii, and 171):
https://books.google.com/books?id=7hIaAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Did+Zeus+originate+in+Crete?&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi44dCO0ZGKAxUXlIkEHWpeD0Q4ChDoAXoECAkQAw#v=onepage&q=Did%20Zeus%20originate%20in%20Crete%3F&f=false
Leisegang (1955; in Campbell, 1955 [1978 edition]) (Vol. 2 p. 257):
https://books.google.com/books?id=qMP1-m1cTMMC&pg=PA257&dq=Ptah+hammer&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi63oCt6aOLAxWBLFkFHakINCYQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Ptah%20hammer&f=false
Budge (1923):
https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRWDlrPY0ycC&printsec=frontcover&dq=shu+who+is+in+the+aten&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwibmrbuqOuFAxUeEVkFHQ-gDlQQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=shu%20who%20is%20in%20the%20aten&f=false
Jacob (2005):
https://www.scribd.com/document/354762628/Jacob-Alexander-Atman-a-Reconstruction-of-the-Solar-Cosmology-of-the-Indo-Europeans
-V2 (P. 105):
https://books.google.com/books?id=aN0oAAAAYAAJ&q=Ea+Seth+Yahweh&dq=Ea+Seth+Yahweh&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJyf3x4OOSAxUVEVkFHWpVLiU4HhDoAXoECAcQAQ
3.) Khnum:
Khnum (sitting) from the Valley of the Queens in Thebes, Egypt (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Khnum):
Khnum was the "ancient Egyptian god of fertility, associated with water and with procreation." He is credited with creating man "out of clay like a potter," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Khnum). Khnum is a ram god that was assimilated into Re (Ra), being called “Khnum-Re/Ra” (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, p. 346) (Meyersohn, 2023, The Arrival: Assembly of the seven was described in the Book of Genesis) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Khnum). He was also equated to the "solar god Her-shef," and "another local form of Ra (in Mendes), namely Ba-neb-Tettu, 'the Ram, lord of Tettu'," (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1, pp. 346-347). Khemu (Khnum) was also "a form of Shu" in "Upper Egypt and Heliopolis." Other gods Khnum was equated to where Ptah, Nu, and others (Budge, 1969 [2013 edition], p. 66) (Mackenzie, 1917, p. 171).
Khnum and Amen also shared characteristics, like sharing different ram horn designs (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1 p. 347). Khnum being represented by the ram, and equated to the gods Re and Shu, makes him Cronus. Khnum being equated to Ptah makes his Jupiter. In sum, Khnum was both Cronus and Zeus.
Khnum was first worshipped in Herwer, but he was later “the great god of Elephantine,” (Cook, 1914, Vol. 1 p. 346) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Khnum). YH/YHW/YHWH/Yahu (Ieu) was also worshipped in a temple on Elephantine Island (Cornell, 2019, para. 3) (Schipper, 2020, The Persian Period, 5.4: Egypt and the "Jewish/Arameans" of Elephantine) (Kent, 2020, p. 12) (Meyersohn, 2023, The Arrival: Assembly of the seven was described in the Book of Genesis), which is in Nubia (Pope, 2016, p. 106). Interestingly, the Hebrews there were Judeans that were polytheistic. The goddess Anat was worshipped there, and the name “Anat-Yahu” was found in an Aramaic document from the island (Cornell, 2019, para. 4-5) (Schipper, 2020, The Persian Period, 5.4: Egypt and the "Jewish/Arameans" of Elephantine). The Judeans there lived alongside other ethnic people, like Egyptians and Aramaeans (Cornell, 2019, para. 2) (Schipper, 2020, The Persian Period, 5.4: Egypt and the "Jewish/Arameans" of Elephantine). Yahavah was worshipped alongside the other male gods “Khnum, Sati, Bel, Nabu, Shamash, and Nergal,” (Schipper, 2020, The Persian Period, 5.4: Egypt and the "Jewish/Arameans" of Elephantine). The Judeans living there seemed to have shared the same religious practices with Khnum’s worshippers (Meyersohn, 2023, The Arrival: Assembly of the seven was described in the Book of Genesis). One example is that Khnum made man out of clay or dust, just like Yahavah did in Genesis (Hillel, 2006, p. 94) (Genesis 2:7).
Khnum creating man out of clay, like Yahavah (Ea) did (Hillel, 2006, p. 94):
There's a statue that "originally depicted Seth," but was "modified to represent Khnum or Amun" (University of Pennsylvania, Discentes, 2023, Figure 9) (Johnson, 2017, p. 125).
Seth/Khnum/Amun bronze statue (University of Pennsylvania, Discentes, 2023, Figure 9):
It should also be noted that Shu, the god of the air (and the Egyptian Cronus), was also represented as a ram (Budge, 1969 [2013 edition], p. 66). Another name for Khnum is Banebdjedet, his "northern equivalent." He was also identified with "Ra-Atum, Shu, Geb, and Osiris." This made Osiris a sun god (Pinch, 2004, p. 114). Scull (1880) said that "Chnoumis, or Kneph, the ram-headed god of Elephantine and Ethiopia," was Zeus (p. 89). Once again, this equates Khnum with both Cronus and Zeus.
Links:
4.) Seth:
Seth of Nubt (5th Dynasty) from the
Egyptian Museum of Berlin (
University of Pennsylvania, Discentes, 2023, Figure 1):
We are now done with the creator deities of Egypt. As we can see, they all bear a resemblance to Ea. However, there are two more deities that we have to examine.
According to Blavatsky (1891), in the 2nd century B.C., it was said that the Jews had a "'golden head of an ass'" in their temple. Antiochus Epiphanes took it away. According to The Gospel of the Birth of Mary, an introduction to said gospel had Zacharias (father of John the Baptist) seeing a "man in the form of an ass" in the Jewish temple. Zacharias tried to tell everybody, but he lost his voice. When he regained it, he told the other Jews but this led to him getting murdered by them. The ass (donkey) is associated with the Egyptian god Set or Seth, who is the same Seth that was the third son of Adam (Vol. 2 p. 523; notes) (The Gospel of the Birth of Mary [Platt, Jr., 1926 translation, p. 17]) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Seth, para. 3) (Genesis 4:25). Wake (1888) stated this too, saying that the Semites, who are the descendants of Shem, one of the three sons of Noah (Genesis 10:1, 21-31 [BSB] [NIV]), saw themselves as the descendants of Seth (both the god and the son of Adam). Seth was also a solar deity, and the "kings and priests" that worshipped him called themselves "'children of the sun'." In fact, Seth was a "serpent sun-god" (pp. 99-100).
Both Dionysus, and Seth, were represented by the donkey (Mitchell, 2018, p. 145). We already know that the donkey was Dionysus' animal in Greece. In Exodus 4:20, Moses, his wife, and his sons, rode a donkey back to Egypt. Interestingly, in Exodus 34:19-20, Yahavah demands that the "firstborn from every womb" should be given to him. However, the firstborn of a donkey shall be "redeemed with a lamb." Yahavah/the angel of the LORD "opened the mouth of the donkey" (possessed the donkey?) of Balaam in Numbers 22:22-30. In Judges 15:16-17, Samson "killed a thousand men" with the "jawbone of a donkey." In the Gospels, Jesus rides a donkey into Jerusalem (Matthew 21:1-11) (Mark 11:1-10) (Luke 19:28-40) (John 12:12-19). As stated before, in The Gospel of the Birth of Mary, Ieue is described as a donkey god. Yahavah and Seth are basically identical to each other. The Bible shows that Ieue was a big fan of donkeys, and the imagery was also associated with Jesus. To top it off, Litwa (2021) said that Yahweh had been equated as a "donkey god" or "donkey demon," which was "a form of the Egyptian god Seth," (p. 17). In The Birth of Mary, Zechariah, the father of John the Baptist, saw Yahweh with the "face or form of a donkey," (p. 16). Zechariah tried to warn the people, but Yahweh tried to mute him. Still, Zachariah managed to tell the people. Unfortunately, out of anger, the people killed Zachariah (pp. 16-17). Set was also equated to El as Setel/Set-El/El Sadi (El Shaday) (Dunlap, 1894, p. 228 note 2). Seth, Adad, El, and Yahavah (Ea), are the same god. Once again, this confirms Seth to be Saturn.
Seth was also the god of the Hyksos. Blavatsky also notes that the Israelites worshipped Baal/Dionysus, and "performed the Dionysian mysteries," (Blavatsky, 1891, Vol. 2 p. 523; notes). The sun god of the Syrians, Egyptians, and Semites, whom Blatvasky says is El, is also Seth. This would also link Seth to the god Saturn and the Israelites. Siva (Shiva) is also Bel/Baal. Thus, Saturn, El, and Seth, are all the same deity: Typhon the Destroyer (p. 524). According to Velde (1967), the Hittites worshipped Shamash, Teshub, and Seth (pp. 119-120). Baal and Seth seem to have been the god of the Hyksos (pp. 118, 120, 122, and 128). Assmann (2003) said that the Hyksos, in the Ramesside times, became monotheists by worshipping Seth only (p. 228):
The Israelites, Hyksos, and Hittites, all worshipped Seth. In fact, according to the Semites, Seth became their ancestor since they saw him as the same Seth that was Adam's son from Genesis! Seth was also a sun god, a serpent god, and used the donkey as one of his symbols. Most, or some, of the kings of the Hyksos had Semitic names (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Hyksos, para. 1) (Seters, 1966 [2010 edition], pp. 181-183) (Kaiser, 1998, p. 81), although King Apophis' name is Egyptian (Seters, 1966 [2010 edition], p. 182). Josephus even equated the Hyksos with the Hebrews (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Hyksos, para. 1), but the name Hyksos is probably just a term used to describe foreign rulers (foreigners to the Egyptians) (Seters, 1966 [2010 edition], p. 187). Some people believe that the Hyksos were the Israelites that left Egypt during the Exodus (Harris, 2015, p. 96), but others say that it was the Shasu who were the Israelites during the Exodus (Harris, 2015, p. 96) (Titus, 2019, p. 189). According to Stantis et al., (2020), the Hyksos were "Western Asiatics" that migrated into Egypt "during the Middle Kingdom." Eventually, they took over "the north of Egypt," (Conclusions, para. 2). The Hyksos were Canaanites (Tercatin, 2020, para. 8), and the Canaanites are the ancestors of the Israelites, Jewish Israelites, Arabians, and Phoenicians (Agranat-Tamir et al., 2020, Highlights; Summary; Discussion, para. 1 and 5) (David, 2020) (Laden, 2024) (Tercatin, 2020, para. 10). In fact, a
BBC article from 2009 said that "Recent DNA research shows that the Canaanites and Israelites were not just similar to each other in their cultures, they were genetically identical," (
BBC, 2009, Religions: Joshua, Evidence, para. 3):
.png)
The Hyksos were the Canaanites, and the Canaanites were the Israelites, Jews, Arabians, and Phoenicians. The Hyksos also equated Seth with Hadad (Adad) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Hyksos, para. 2) (Kaiser, 1998, p. 81). El is the top Canaanite god (Day, 2000 [2010 edition], pp. 13-16) (L'Heureux, 1976 [2019 edition], p. 3) (Mullen, Jr., 1980, p. 9). El was equated to Re/Ra in the Hyksos pantheon (Seters, 1966, p. 178), and Re/Ra is another name for Atum (Talbott, 1980, pp. 11-12) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Atum, para. 2). Baal Saphon is an epithet of Baal Hadad (Adad) (Sommer, 2009, p. 24). Hadad is the son of El and Dagon (Caquot and Sznycer, 1980, p. 13) (Pope, 1955, p. 47 note 95). Dagon is another name of Enlil (El) on the An = Anum list, making them the same god (Litke; 1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3 p. 42). Following this logic, Adam would be Atum/Ra/El, making Seth/Baal Hadad/Saphon his son. However, Seth was also equated to Re as well (Bonwick, 1878, p. 133). (Velde, 1967 [1977 edition], p. 107). As stated earlier, El and Seth were equated under the name El Sheday. This means that El and Hadad were the same god. Once again, father and son were the same person.
The Hyksos also "worshipped the Canaanite Gods of Resheph, Ashtoreth, and Anat," (Shoham, 2011, p. 267). Ashtoreth and Anat are Asratum, but who is Resheph? According to my sources, Resheph (or Rasap) is the planet Mars/Nergal (van Soldt, 2016, p. 105) (Stavrakopoulou, 2004, p. 214) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Resheph, para. 1). This will be important in a second.
The equation of Seth to Adad can be finalized in a statue that "originally depicted Seth," but was "modified to represent Khnum or Amun" (University of Pennsylvania, Discentes, 2023, Figure 9) (Johnson, 2017, p. 125).
Seth/Khnum/Amun bronze statue (University of Pennsylvania, Discentes, 2023, Figure 9):
Notice how the statue is doing Adad's "smiting" pose, with his right hand raised above his head and his left hand stretching outwards.
Baal statue (AO 11598) (Louvre Collections, Figurine: AO 11598):
Zeus-Poseidon also did this pose. We already know that Dyeus was Seth.
Zeus statue from Staatiliche Museen zu Berlin (5th century B.C.) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Zeus):
It seems that the Egyptians equated the Middle-Eastern gods to Seth. The gods of the Hyksos (El and Hadad) were equated to Seth, along with the Hittite god Tarhuna (Tarhunt) as stated previously.
In some Egyptian writings, Seth, Baal Haddu (Adad), and El Elyon, had been described as sending storms and diseases on the Egyptians when they were defeating the Hyksos. In the In the Rhind Papyrus and Tempest stele, Seth/Baal Haddu is said to have sent a storm, or storms, during the Theban campaign and rule of Pharaoh Ahmose. In the Hearst Medical Papyrus, El Elyon was blamed for sending a disease ("black skin lesions") upon the Egyptians. This disease was blamed upon the Western Semites as well (Weinstein, 2021, Native Egyptian Overthrow of the Hyksos 15th Dynasty: 3. Natural Disasters). Baal Haddu was also Hadad, and Adad (Fant and Reddish, 2008, pp. 81-82). Adad, Seth, and El Elyon, both caused a storm, or storms, and a disease, to fall upon the Egyptians on behalf of the Hyksos. As stated before, Enlil (El Shadday and El Elyon) was Seth.
Seth, and the god Horus, are typically depicted as separate deities, and as enemies. The story is that Seth murdered Osiris, and Isis (Osiris' sister and wife) conceived Horus and he fought Seth out of revenge (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Seth, para. 5). However, it seems that Seth and Horus were "'two faces'" of the same deity, represented by "a human with both a falcon head and a Seth-head," as stated "in the Second Hour of the Amduat and the Tenth Hour of the Book of Gates" (Klotz, 2006, p. 90):
Statue of Ramses 3 between Horus (left) and Seth (right) (
The Egyptian Museum of Cairo):
As stated before, Horus and Seth were two faces of Horus. Horus was light, and Seth was darkness. The depiction of Seth and Horus as a single entity ("Horus-Set") can bee seen in Budge (1904) (Vol. 1 p. 475):
We can see the two heads of the deities on a single body. As stated previously, Horus was the planet Mars. This means that Seth is also the planet Mars, and that Nergal/Resheph was Horus-Seth as well. In fact, Bonwick (1878) said that "Set was the Mars of the period," (p. 132). Seth was equated to Horus as well "In the sacred writings," (pp. 132-133).
Romer (2015) said that Seth was an "aggressive god, a god of war," but also a "companion and protector of the sun god." The gods Seth, Re, Amon, Baal, Teshub, and Yahweh (Ieue), were either partnered together (Seth, Re, and Amon), or they were the same individual (Seth, Baal, Teshub, and Yahweh). The sun, war, and storm, gods, were assimilated into Yahweh in Jerusalem (p. 49). Encyclopaedia Britannica also said that Seth was the "master of storms, disorder, and warfare," (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Seth, para. 4). Re was the Archangel Michael (Archangels and Angels, Archangel
Michael-Angelic and Planetary Symbols), and Seth was equated to Re as stated before. Therefore, Seth and Re are the same deity. Amon, also called Amon-Re, is the Archangel Sachiel/Zeus (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Sachiel-Angelic and Planetary Symbols). As stated before, the sun and storm god were the same individual before they were split. Ieue was also a warrior (Exodus 15:3).
Finally, Seth was called Iao on the "magical gem; intaglio" gem from the British Museum. It depicts Seth with the name "Iaw" (Iao) underneath his left arm. Seth is holding an ankh in his right hand, and a "staff and flail" in his left hand. There are also two "six-ray" stars, and a "crescent" moon, surrounding Seth. There are also four archangels inscribed on the gem as well: Michael, Gabriel, Uriel, and Suriel (British Museum, magical gem; intaglio, Description; Inscriptions) (Litwa, 2019, pp. 31-32; p. 32 Figure 1.2). Litwa (2019) said that the gem depicts "Seth-Yahweh," (p. 32 Figure 1.2). This gem dates to the third century A.D. (British Museum, magical gem; intaglio, Production date). As stated before, this equates Seth to Yahavah (Ea) and Saturn. According to LiDonnici (2007), the "similarity between" the "two words" Iao, and the "Egyptian words pronounced '3 ('a-a')," express "various states of greatness, hugeness, and power," but they are also "the noun for donkey, which from Coptic appears to have been pronounced EIW, EW, IW, EW (eio, eow, iow, eo)," (in LiDonnici and Lieber, 2007, p. 94). Remember that "a-a" is also one of the spellings of the name Ea (Aa and a-a). This explains why the Egyptian Tetragrammaton is Ieo', and why the Egyptians associated the Hebrew god (El Elyon and Adad) to Seth!
Seth on magical gem; intaglio (
British Museum, magical gem; intaglio):
Gem from Litwa (2019) (P. 32 Figure 1.2):
.png)
As stated before, Horus was Saturn. Seth being Horus equates him to Saturn as well, along with Jupiter and Mars. This supports Seth being El ('l/Enlil), and Adad. Horus was also the rising sun, which makes Seth the rising sun. Seth was also equated to the setting sun. Seth is associated with the color "red, for this is the last hue of the setting sun," (Forlong, 1906, Vol. 3 p. 53). Forlong also stated that the donkey was a symbol of the sun. Seth, Osiris, and "Assyrian demons," are represented by the donkey as well (p. 44). Seth being the setting sun equates him to Atum. Seth was both Cronus, Zeus, and Ares. Interestingly, Seth was equated to the planet Mercury (Budge, 1904, Vol. 2 p. 303) (Budge, 2004 [2013 edition], p. 244). As we already know, Hermes is Mercury. Thoth, the Egyptian name of Hermes, was a name given to Seth/Set spelled as "Tet." In Phoenicia, he was Taaut/Esmun-Esculapius the snake god. Seth, Thoth/Tet/Taaut, Saturn, and El/Il, were the same deity (Wake, 1870, pp. 211-213) (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Thoth, para. 2). Bonwick (1878) said that Seth was equated to Thoth "In the sacred writings," (pp. 132-133). We know that Nabu, who is Mercury in the Middle East, was also Ea. This confirms Seth as being Ea, and Saturn. Thoth was the moon god (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Thoth, para. 1), which means that Seth (and Ea) was also a moon god. In total, Seth was the sun, Saturn-Uranus, Jupiter-Neptune, Mars-Pluto, Mercury, and the moon. This is very similar, if not identical, to Ea in the Middle East. Then again, Iaw/Iao is another spelling of the name Ea (also spelled Ia/Eau/Iau). This means that Ea
is Seth.
According to the Phibionite Christian sect, Seth is the third archon (Epiphanaeus, Panarion. Book 1 Section 2 Number 26. 10.1-10.3 [Williams, 2009 translation, p. 98]). The third planetary position belongs to Mercury and Archangel Raphael (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Raphael-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences).
Links:
Blatvasky (1891):
https://books.google.com/books?id=WSSmcfz3_LEC&pg=PA523&dq=did+the+hittites+worship+seth?&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiSrsPU1_v8AhVOFlkFHSNiDt4Q6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=did%20the%20hittites%20worship%20seth%3F&f=false
The Gospel of the Birth of Mary (Platt, Jr., 1926 translation, p. 17):
https://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/lbob/lbob05.htm
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Seth:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Seth-Egyptian-god
Genesis 4:
https://biblehub.com/nasb_/genesis/4.htm
Wake (1888):
https://books.google.com/books?id=R8qAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA99&dq=seth+solar+deity&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBlISQtIH9AhWOFlkFHfr7BAAQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=seth%20solar%20deity&f=false
Genesis 10:
-BSB:
https://biblehub.com/bsb/genesis/10.htm
-NIV:
https://biblehub.com/niv/genesis/10.htm
-KJB:
https://biblehub.com/kjv/genesis/10.htm
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Cronus:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cronus
Velde (1967):
https://books.google.com/books?id=BR4VAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA131&dq=did+the+hittites+worship+seth?&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5tv2T2Pv8AhWVElkFHQapCuUQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=snippet&q=Seth%20Hyksos&f=false
-V2 (1977 edition):
https://books.google.com/books?id=0po3AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Seth+setting+sun+egypt&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieyNHHk6OHAxWgD1kFHSObDL4Q6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=Seth%20setting%20sun%20egypt&f=false
Assmann (2003) (P. 228):
https://books.google.com/books?id=XEMadfTi_U4C&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA227&hl=en&source=gb_mobile_entity#v=onepage&q&f=false
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Hyksos:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hyksos-Egyptian-dynasty
Seters (1966 [2010 edition]):
https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ9MAwAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gbs_navlinks_s
-V2:
https://books.google.com/books?id=F0T7DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=What+gods+did+the+Hyksos+worship?&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj62JWq-r2JAxU0EFkFHahmADMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=What%20gods%20did%20the%20Hyksos%20worship%3F&f=false
-V3:
https://archive.org/details/hyksosnewinvesti0000vans/page/172/mode/2up?q=seth&view=theater
Kaiser (1998) (P. 81):
https://books.google.com/books?id=acq2F4oW3DYC&pg=PA81&dq=hyksos+semitic&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiW8L6AiNOBAxX4EVkFHVeMBt4Q6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=hyksos%20semitic&f=false
Harris (2015) (P. 96; from Levy, Schneider, and Propp, 2015):
https://books.google.com/books?id=xpe1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96&dq=amenhotep+3+shasu+slaves&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5487eppn9AhV0EFkFHde8CLcQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=amenhotep%203%20shasu%20slaves&f=false
Titus (2019):
https://escholarship.org/content/qt07x6659z/qt07x6659z_noSplash_b41d2cc59a80dd132c3838e7ec75c0f8.pdf?t=q2zg3k
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Saturn:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Saturn-god
Hart (2005) (P. 77):
https://books.google.com/books?id=0L83uBijeZwC&pg=PA77&dq=Hart,+2005,++iah+ibis+falcon&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjP_auGvJ2DAxWblIkEHaoPB-kQ6AF6BAgNEAI#v=onepage&q=Hart%2C%202005%2C%20%20iah%20ibis%20falcon&f=false
University of Pennsylvania. Discentes. Seth, a Dynamic and Enigmatic God. April 23, 2023:
https://web.sas.upenn.edu/discentes/2023/04/23/seth-a-dynamic-and-enigmatic-god/
Klotz (2006) (P. 90):
https://books.google.com/books?id=W--YDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90&dq=seth+deity+ram+head&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwigmNjH4d2BAxWDMVkFHaxAApcQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=seth%20deity%20ram%20head&f=false
The Egyptian Museum of Cairo. Statue of Ramses 3 between Horus and Seth:
https://egyptianmuseumcairo.eg/artefacts/statue-of-ramses-iii-between-horus-and-seth/
Epiphaneus. Panarion. Book 1 Section 2 Number 26. 10.1-10.3 (Williams, 2009 translation) (P. 98):
https://gnosis.study/library/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0/ENG/Epiphanius%20of%20Salamis%20-%20The%20Panarion,%20Book%20I%20(Sects%201-46).pdf
Archangels and Angels. Archangel Raphael:
-Angelic and Planetary Correspondences:
http://www.archangels-and-angels.com/aa_pages/correspondences/angel_planet/archangel_raphael.html
-Angelic and Planetary Symbols:
http://www.archangels-and-angels.com/aa_pages/correspondences/angelic_symbols/symbolsl_raphael.html
British Museum. magical gem; intaglio:
https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1986-0501-97
LiDonnici (2007; in LiDonnici and Lieber, 2007) (P. 94):
https://books.google.com/books?id=MD5AmraqWC8C&pg=PA93&dq=IAO+donkey+headed+deity&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjYnbK244-EAxVeN2IAHc9ZAcQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=IAO%20donkey%20headed%20deity&f=false
Forlong (1906) (Vol. 3 pp. 44 and 53):
https://books.google.com/books?id=4hmgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA53&dq=Osiris+setting+sun&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVq9bIvsWFAxV9FlkFHTmFD_o4ChDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q=Osiris%20setting%20sun&f=false
University of Pennsylvania. Discentes. Seth, a Dynamic and Enigmatic God. April 23, 2023:
https://web.sas.upenn.edu/discentes/2023/04/23/seth-a-dynamic-and-enigmatic-god/
Louvre Collections. Figurines: AO 11598:
https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010136311
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Zeus:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zeus
Stantis et al., (2020) (Conclusions, para. 2):
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7363063/#:~:text=Instead%2C%20this%20research%20supports%20the,rule%20the%20north%20of%20Egypt.
Tercatin (2020):
https://m.jpost.com/israel-news/enigmatic-hyksos-did-not-invade-egypt-were-not-israelites-scholars-say-635601#:~:text=The%20Hyksos%20and%20their%20people,the%20same%20ancestry%2C%20Goldwasser%20said.
Agranat-Tamir et al., (2020) (Highlights; Summary; Discussion):
https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)30487-6
David (2020):
https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-05-31/ty-article/.premium/jews-and-arabs-share-genetic-link-to-ancient-canaanites/0000017f-eb8f-d4a6-af7f-ffcf4f190000
Laden (2024):
https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/ancient-cultures/ancient-near-eastern-world/jews-and-arabs-descended-from-canaanites/
Mitchell (2018) (P. 145):
https://books.google.com/books?id=Oz5MDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145&dq=dionysus+donkey&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih25rSvJeLAxXSmYkEHSSYA5wQ6AF6BAgEEAM#v=onepage&q=dionysus%20donkey&f=false
Budge (1904) (Vol. 1):
https://books.google.com/books?id=AqMUl7Knsz0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Horus+the+elder+younger&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQjdap3r-EAxWEKFkFHUmQD2s4ChDoAXoECAcQAw#v=onepage&q=Horus%20the%20elder%20younger&f=false
Budge (1904) (Vol. 2):
https://books.google.com/books?id=6SBLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA302&dq=heru-ap-sheta-taui&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiV-7z-oKuJAxXqMlkFHWfqE44Q6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=heru-ap-sheta-taui&f=false
Budge (2004 [2013 edition]):
https://books.google.com/books?id=ozLKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA244&dq=horus+saturn&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6semtoquJAxUrFlkFHTAiDB8Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=horus%20saturn&f=false
Wake (1870) (P. 211):
https://books.google.com/books?id=-nFQAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA211&dq=bunsen+set+tet+thoth&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiv3OvMpp2DAxU9LVkFHdvSDzsQ6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=bunsen%20set%20tet%20thoth&f=false
-V2 (P. 59; full paper starts on p. 33):
https://books.google.com/books?id=zuQlAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA59&dq=bunsen+set+tet+thoth&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiv3OvMpp2DAxU9LVkFHdvSDzsQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=bunsen%20set%20tet%20thoth&f=false
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Thoth:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Thoth
Day (2000 [2010 edition]):
https://books.google.com/books?id=2xadCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=el+canaanite+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-3OyOh6aKAxWND1kFHaJmIu0Q6AF6BAgLEAI#v=onepage&q=el%20canaanite%20god&f=false
L'Heureux (1976 [2019 edition]) (P. 3):
https://books.google.com/books?id=9vb7EAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=el+canaanite+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-3OyOh6aKAxWND1kFHaJmIu0Q6AF6BAgNEAI#v=onepage&q=el%20canaanite%20god&f=false
Mullen, Jr., (1980) (P. 9):
https://books.google.com/books?id=VAD1DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=el+canaanite+god&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-3OyOh6aKAxWND1kFHaJmIu0Q6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=el%20canaanite%20god&f=false
Talbott (1980) (PP. 11-12):
https://archive.org/details/TalbottDavidTheSaturnMyth1980/page/n10/mode/1up?q=Atum&view=theater
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Atum:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Atum#:~:text=Atum%2C%20in%20ancient%20Egyptian%20religion,to%20the%20deity%20Re%2DAtum.
Sommer (2009) (P. 24):
https://books.google.com/books?id=IEYhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24&dq=Shamayin+hadad&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnktiT_tSEAxUREVkFHTWEAfE4ChDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=Shamayin%20hadad&f=false
Caquot and Sznycer (1980) (P. 13):
https://books.google.com/books?id=S4geAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12&dq=Baal+beard&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjzjo7U36X3AhWKq3IEHdeiAm8Q6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Bull&f=false
Pope (1955) (P. 47 note 95):
https://archive.org/details/elinugaritictext0000marv/page/46/mode/2up?q=dagan&view=theater
Litke (1998; from Hallo, 1998, Vol. 3) (P. 42):
BBC (2009). Religions: Joshua:
https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/joshua.shtml
Bonwick (1878) (P. 133):
5.) Aton:
Akhenaten and his family under the Aton sun disk (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aton, Akhenaten and Nefertiti, mid-14th century B.C.E.):
Aton, also spelled as Aten, was a sun god. He was originally a "falcon-headed man." Eventually, it became the sun disk, with "its rays ending in hands reaching out to the royal family," (
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aton) (Stevens, n.d., para. 3). Amerikos (2015) said that the Aten sun disk later transformed "into a sun disk with wings," (p. 6). Aten was also "an all-male trinity" of three sun gods: "Ra, Horus, and Aten" (p. 5). Aten was seen as a god of "fertility and prosperity" (Stevens, n.d., para. 4). Aten became the main god of Pharaoh Akhenaten/Iknaten, who was originally called Amenhotep 4 (para. 1-2, and 6) (Amerikos, 2015, p. 5). Akhenaten tried to turn Egypt's polytheistic religion into a monotheistic one (p. 6) (Stevens, n.d., para. 1 and 6), which garnered him so much hatred that the Egyptians tried to remove his memory (Amerikos, 2015, pp. 5-6).
Yahavah was also called Adonay (or Adonai), which also meant "Lord" (Dawson, 1888, p. 369 note 1) (Bible Hub, Strong's Hebrew: 136. Adonay). The word Adonai might've came from Aten/Aton/Adon (Dawson, 1888, p. 369) (Gertoux, n.d., Abstract) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aton). Freud also stated this, and said that Aton might also be Atum, but admitted that he didn't have enough expertise, or information, to make this entirely valid (Freud, 1939, pp. 41-42). Coulter and Turner (2000 [2013 edition]) said that Aten was spelled "Aton, Adon, and Atum," and was also the gods "Horus, Khepri, Re-Ra, Ra-Harakhte, Shu, and Tem." Aten was also represented as a "falcon with speckled wings" (p. 79). This would make Aten the god of air/atmosphere, and the sun. Adonai/Adon was equated to the gods Adonis, Elioun (Elyon), and Tammouz (Tammuz/Dumuzi) (Soury, 1881, p. 56). Interestingly, there is a demon in the Gnostic Phibionite religion called Adonaeus. It is associated with the planet Mars (Epiphaneus, Panarion [Williams, 2009 translation], Book 1 Section 2 Number 26. 10.1-10.3 [p. 98]) (Litwa, 2019, p. 34).
Massey (1907) stated that Iu/HUHI (Egyptian name for Yhvh) was both Atum and Aten. According to "the Stele of Excommunication," Tum (Atum; probably Tem) is stated to be the creator god, and the "'duplicate of Aten'." The Jews called their god Adon instead of IHUH. Aten is Adon/Iu. Interestingly, Massey says that Atum would be "god the father," and "Aten the Nefer-Atum, the Repa, or royal son." In other words, Aten is the "son of Atum-Ra" (Vol. 1, pp. 498, 503, and 511). Atum-Iu was also the "lion of Judah" (p. 503), and Atum-Ra is HUHI/IHUH (Yhvh) (p. 498). Aten was also called "Aten Ra, the deity of the solar disk." Ra was also Horus Ra, Amen Ra, Har Machu, and Tum (Cooper, 1877, p. 4). Ra was also represented by the bull, called "Mnves 'The Bull of Heaven'" (Boi, 2010, p. 363). Seems that Atum, Aten, Re-Ra, Horus, and Shu, were the same individual. Aten was also called Yati (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aton). A phrase describing Aten-Yati, from the time of Amenophis 4th (Akhenaten), equated him to Re-Harakhte and Shu (Studies in Biblical Theology, 1967 [1973 edition], p. 70) (Budge, 1969 [2013 edition], p. 71) (Manniche, 2010, p. 108). Following this train of thought, it seems very possible that Akhenaten was Moses. That will be a story for another time though.
The Egyptian gods Seth and Shu were equated together in some Egyptian religious "city-cults," and were considered to be the "only one born of the monotheistic Aten," (Martin, Jr., 2021, p. 44). Both Seth and Shu were represented by the jackal (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Seth, para. 3) (Clair, 1898, p. 143). Seth was also described as having "a falcon head and crowned with the solar disk," on the Dakhla Stela (Bagnall and Tallet, 2019, p. 94). At the Hibis Temple, Seth is "depicted with wings and a falcon head" (Klotz, 2006, p. 90). Seth also created, or "gave birth to," the sun disk by having it come out of his head (Wyatt, 2001, p. 217) (National Geographic Books, 2008, p. 81) (Saeed, 2016; from Price et al., 2016, Section 2, Ch. 10). Aten is the sun disk (Budge, 1969 [2013 edition], p. 68), so Seth created the Aten! Shu is the god of the air/atmosphere/wind, and is the son of Atum (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Shu) (Shorter, 2009, p. 7) (Budge, 1969 [2013 edition], p. 66) (Clair, 1898, pp. 141, 150, 207, and 314). It has also been stated that Shu presented the sun disk/Aten to Akhenaten when he became pharaoh (Budge, 1969 [2013 edition], p. 71). As noted above, Shu was equated to being Aten as well. Shu was also the "supporter of heaven, the sun, and the moon" (p. 66). Typhos/Set-Typhon was represented by "a Golden Bull," and "Set is evidently the Sun god" and "was also regarded as flame (fire)." He"is the burning, destructive, Solar force, the red Typhon" (Dunlap, 1894, pp. 196 and 228 note 2).
Tem (Atum) came out of Nemu/Nu, but also "dwelt in the Solar Disk (Aten)," (Budge, 1923, p. 58). This officially equates Aten to Atum, and Saturn. It seems that, originally, "Tem or Tem-Ra or Khepra," created the Aten. However, Amenhotep the 4th (Akhenaten) changed this tradition to Aten being "self-created and self -subsistent," (p. 80). Atum was another god stated to have been the creator of the Aten. Atum, Shu, Seth, and Aten, were the same god. Then again, as stated before, all of the Egyptian gods were aspects of Atum. Horus was also the "dweller-in-the-Disk (i.e. the Sun)," (Budge, 2004 [2013 edition], p. 223). This equates Horus to Atum, and Aten.
King Hezekiah's (left) and Isaiah's (right) bullae/seals (Ngo, 2018):
The bullae/seals of Isaiah and the Judahite King Hezekiah were discovered at the Temple Mount (old Jewish 2nd temple) (Ngo, 2018, para. 1-3) (Shuster, 2018, para. 2). On Hezekiah's bulla/seal, the symbol of "a two-winged sun disk flanked by ankh symbols" (Ngo, 2018, para. 3) (Shuster, 2018). Is this Yahavah's symbol? If so, this is similar to the sun disk that represents the Aten! It has been noted before that solar worship was conducted by the Israelites (Taylor, 1993, Synopsis; Ch. 1, Introduction, p. 19). Archaeological evidence also includes more sun emblems with "lmlk" on Judean jar handles. The emblems are a sun disk with two wings, and a "four-winged scarab." In the Tanakh, Yahavah is called "semes," which means sun. This is in Psalm 84 (p. 20). Taylor believes that there is a close relationship between Yahavah and the sun, even so that Yahavah might even have been the sun itself (p. 22). Psalm 84:11 states that "the LORD God is a sun and a shield." Massey (1907) said that IHUH (Yhvh/Yahavah) was a solar god (Vol. 1 p. 499).
Another figure that is equated with the sun is the Archangel Michael (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Michael-Angelic and Planetary Symbols). In Deuteronomy 32:8-12, Jeu was chosen to watch over Jacob/Israel (the Israelites). In Daniel 12:1, Michael is the prince that guards over Daniel's people (Israelites). Michael was also a warrior angel, and probably the leader of the "celestial armies," which makes sense with Yahavah being called "LORD of armies/host." Michael is also the first angel created by "God," and the leader of the Archangels (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Michael-Angelic and Planetary Symbols, Miscellaneous Information). Michael is also the gods Apollo, Aten, Brighid, Helios, Sol, Ra, Savitar, and Thor (Archangels and Angels, Archangel Michael-Angelic and Planetary Symbols).
Archangel Michael in
The Fall of the Rebel Angels by Luca Giordano (1666) (
Wikipedia, Michael [archangel]):
Links:
Manniche (2010) (P. 108):
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